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Vetenskapliga grunder för positiv psykologi > Frågor från boken > Flashcards

Frågor från boken Flashcards

1
Q

What is the essence of science?

A

The scientists way of thinking

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2
Q

How can a scientist practice science while sitting under a tree?

A

You can think scientifically anywhere

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3
Q

What is meant by “a prepared mind” in science?

A

To recognize and react to unexpected findings, with a background in understanding the phenomena

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4
Q

What do art and science have in common?

A

Curiosity, creativity, skepticism, and hard work

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5
Q

What are some of the major characteristics of a scientists?

A

Scientists are pervasive skeptics who challenge accepted wisdom

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6
Q

What is the orderliness belief, and what does it have to do with science?

A

The idea that the universe operates in a lawful manner

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7
Q

What are the common methods of acquiring knowledge?

A

Authority, tenacity, intuition, rationalism and empiricism

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8
Q

Which two methods does science incorporate?

A

Rationalism and empiricism

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9
Q

What are the limitations of rationalism?

A

The premises must be correct for the conclusion to be correct

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10
Q

What are the limitations of empiricism?

A

Only collects facts, needs rational processes

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11
Q

What are the facts of science?

A

Empirical observations

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12
Q

The more influential schools of psychology?

A

Structuralism, functionalism, psychoanalysis, behaviorism

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13
Q

What is the nature of mainstream modern psychology?

A

Its’ theories and ideas cut across several perspectives

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14
Q

Why is it critical that psychology be scientific and objective?

A

Because people are biased

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15
Q

What are the data in psychology?

A

Facts collected from empirical observation

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16
Q

How do facts and constructs differ?

A

Facts you can directly observe, constructs are inferred ideas

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17
Q

What is reification of a construct?

A

Confusing a construct for a fact

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18
Q

In which to ways do constructs relate to facts?

A

Constructs are based on facts and are used to predict new facts

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19
Q

What are the basic assumptions that scientists accepts about the universe?

A

A physical universe exists, there is randomness and unpredictability, knowledge of the universe is always incomplete, everything is tentative

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20
Q

What is a theory?

A

A formalized set of concepts that summarizes and organizes observations and provides explanations

21
Q

What is the difference between a deductive and an inductive theory?

A

Deductive theory = beyond observations

Inductive theory = empirical data

22
Q

What is a model?

A

A miniature representation of reality, a mini-theory

23
Q

What is the difference between observation and inference?

A 
Observation = facts
Inference = inductive leaps beyond observations
24
Q

Why should theories be judged on both their usefulness and accuracy?

A

Incorrect theories can be useful

25
Q

What are the two dimensions of the model of research?

A

Phases of research and levels of constraint

26
Q

Define levels of constraint

A

The level of control used during the phase of observation

27
Q

What is the difference between differential and experimental research?

A

The way that the researcher assigns participants into groups

28
Q

What are the main sources of research questions?

A

Our everyday lives

29
Q

What is the difference between basic and applied science?

A

The intent of using the results in the real world

30
Q

What is a variable?

A

A set of events with different values

31
Q

How can basic research be valuable in solving practical problems?

A

Basic research is an important foundation for later applied research

32
Q

Why do extraneous variables have to be controlled in research?

A

Because it affects the dependent measure

33
Q

What are the moral dilemma in research concerning individuals and society?

A

Society needs scientific solutions but searching for solutions may violate individuals’ right to privacy

34
Q

What is informed consent?

A

Participants must be provided with enough information so that they can make a reasonable, informed decision about participating

35
Q

What are institutional review boards?

A

An advisory group that advise researchers, suggests improvements and assists in solving potential ethical issues

36
Q

What is meant by diversity issues?

A

The need to include a broad representation of people so that results will generalize to broader populations

37
Q

What is a measurement?

A

Assigning numbers to represent the level of a variable

38
Q

Why is accurate measurement so critical?

A

Because even the smallest mistake can invalidate an entire project

39
Q

What are the important properties of the abstract number system?

A

Identity, magnitude, equal intervals, true zero

40
Q

List the four scales of measurement

A

Nominal, orinal, interval, ratio

41
Q

What are the properties of each scale of measurement?

A 
N = categorical data
O = ordered data
I = score data
R = score data
42
Q

What is the concept of a true zero?

A

Zero on a scale represents zero level of what is being measured

43
Q

What is the best way to reduce measurement error in research?

A

Operational definition

44
Q

How do operational definitions transform theoretical concepts into concrete events?

A

By stating how to measure them

45
Q

What is social desirability bias in science?

A

The tendency to respond in a socially acceptable way

46
Q

What is meant by convergent validity?

A

When multiple studies using different operational definitions produce a common finding

47
Q

Reliability

A

Consistent results

48
Q

What is the difference between reliability and validity?

A

Reliability refers to how consistently something is measured, validity refers to if the scale measures what it is supposed to measure

Vetenskapliga grunder för positiv psykologi (2 decks)

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