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Question 1

What is the essence of science?

Answer 1

The scientists way of thinking

Question 2

How can a scientist practice science while sitting under a tree?

Answer 2

You can think scientifically anywhere

Question 3

What is meant by “a prepared mind” in science?

Answer 3

To recognize and react to unexpected findings, with a background in understanding the phenomena

Question 4

What do art and science have in common?

Answer 4

Curiosity, creativity, skepticism, and hard work

Question 5

What are some of the major characteristics of a scientists?

Answer 5

Scientists are pervasive skeptics who challenge accepted wisdom

Question 6

What is the orderliness belief, and what does it have to do with science?

Answer 6

The idea that the universe operates in a lawful manner

Question 7

What are the common methods of acquiring knowledge?

Answer 7

Authority, tenacity, intuition, rationalism and empiricism

Question 8

Which two methods does science incorporate?

Answer 8

Rationalism and empiricism

Question 9

What are the limitations of rationalism?

Answer 9

The premises must be correct for the conclusion to be correct

Question 10

What are the limitations of empiricism?

Answer 10

Only collects facts, needs rational processes

Question 11

What are the facts of science?

Answer 11

Empirical observations

Question 12

The more influential schools of psychology?

Answer 12

Structuralism, functionalism, psychoanalysis, behaviorism

Question 13

What is the nature of mainstream modern psychology?

Answer 13

Its’ theories and ideas cut across several perspectives

Question 14

Why is it critical that psychology be scientific and objective?

Answer 14

Because people are biased

Question 15

What are the data in psychology?

Answer 15

Facts collected from empirical observation

Question 16

How do facts and constructs differ?

Answer 16

Facts you can directly observe, constructs are inferred ideas

Question 17

What is reification of a construct?

Answer 17

Confusing a construct for a fact

Question 18

In which to ways do constructs relate to facts?

Answer 18

Constructs are based on facts and are used to predict new facts

Question 19

What are the basic assumptions that scientists accepts about the universe?

Answer 19

A physical universe exists, there is randomness and unpredictability, knowledge of the universe is always incomplete, everything is tentative

Question 20

What is a theory?

Answer 20

A formalized set of concepts that summarizes and organizes observations and provides explanations

Question 21

What is the difference between a deductive and an inductive theory?

Answer 21

Deductive theory = beyond observations

Inductive theory = empirical data

Question 22

What is a model?

Answer 22

A miniature representation of reality, a mini-theory

Question 23

What is the difference between observation and inference?

Answer 23

Observation = facts
Inference = inductive leaps beyond observations

Question 24

Why should theories be judged on both their usefulness and accuracy?

Answer 24

Incorrect theories can be useful

Question 25

What are the two dimensions of the model of research?

Answer 25

Phases of research and levels of constraint

Question 26

Define levels of constraint

Answer 26

The level of control used during the phase of observation

Question 27

What is the difference between differential and experimental research?

Answer 27

The way that the researcher assigns participants into groups

Question 28

What are the main sources of research questions?

Answer 28

Our everyday lives

Question 29

What is the difference between basic and applied science?

Answer 29

The intent of using the results in the real world

Question 30

What is a variable?

Answer 30

A set of events with different values

Question 31

How can basic research be valuable in solving practical problems?

Answer 31

Basic research is an important foundation for later applied research

Question 32

Why do extraneous variables have to be controlled in research?

Answer 32

Because it affects the dependent measure

Question 33

What are the moral dilemma in research concerning individuals and society?

Answer 33

Society needs scientific solutions but searching for solutions may violate individuals' right to privacy

Question 34

What is informed consent?

Answer 34

Participants must be provided with enough information so that they can make a reasonable, informed decision about participating

Question 35

What are institutional review boards?

Answer 35

An advisory group that advise researchers, suggests improvements and assists in solving potential ethical issues

Question 36

What is meant by diversity issues?

Answer 36

The need to include a broad representation of people so that results will generalize to broader populations

Question 37

What is a measurement?

Answer 37

Assigning numbers to represent the level of a variable

Question 38

Why is accurate measurement so critical?

Answer 38

Because even the smallest mistake can invalidate an entire project

Question 39

What are the important properties of the abstract number system?

Answer 39

Identity, magnitude, equal intervals, true zero

Question 40

List the four scales of measurement

Answer 40

Nominal, orinal, interval, ratio

Question 41

What are the properties of each scale of measurement?

Answer 41

``` N = categorical data O = ordered data I = score data R = score data ```

Question 42

What is the concept of a true zero?

Answer 42

Zero on a scale represents zero level of what is being measured

Question 43

What is the best way to reduce measurement error in research?

Answer 43

Operational definition

Question 44

How do operational definitions transform theoretical concepts into concrete events?

Answer 44

By stating how to measure them

Question 45

What is social desirability bias in science?

Answer 45

The tendency to respond in a socially acceptable way

Question 46

What is meant by convergent validity?

Answer 46

When multiple studies using different operational definitions produce a common finding

Question 47

Reliability

Answer 47

Consistent results

Question 48

What is the difference between reliability and validity?

Answer 48

Reliability refers to how consistently something is measured, validity refers to if the scale measures what it is supposed to measure