Temporary Deck

Question 1

Diffusion of responsibility

Answer 1

Initially based on after fact reasoning of Kitty Genovese murder (1964)
Prediction diffusion of responsibility due to number of bystanders in an emergency would reduce individual helping
The term bystander effect refers to the tendency for people to be inactive in high danger situations due to the presence of other bystanders (Darley & Latané, 1968; Latané & Darley, 1968, 1970; Latané & Nida, 1981). Thus, people tend to help more when alone than in a group.
Latané & Darley (1970) formulated a five-stage model to explain why bystanders at emergencies sometimes do and sometimes do not offer help.
The five stages are:
The bystander must notice that something is amiss.
The bystander must define that situation as an emergency.
The bystander must assess how personally responsible they feel.
The bystander must decide how best to offer assistance.
The bystander must act on that decision.

Question 2

Measuring Variables

Answer 2

A variable is any characteristic or factor that can vary
Self report and reports by others
Measures of overt behavior:
Unobtrusive Measures (Naturalistic Observation)
Archival Measures (Records/documents)
Psychological tests (Personality, Neuropsychological, Intelligence tests)
Physiological measures (Heart rate, blood pressure, respiration rate, hormonal secretion, electrical and biochemical processes in the brain)

Question 3

Two Approaches to understand behaviour:

Answer 3

1. Hindsight (After the fact understanding)
2. Understanding through Prediction, Control, and Theory building

Question 4

Scientific Approach
to behavior

Answer 4

• Formulate testable hypothesis
• Select research method and design the study
• Data collection
• Analyze data and draw conclusions
• Report the finding (Journal)

Question 5

Ethical Principles

Answer 5

Principles
* Beneficence: benefit people
* Responsibility: perform professional duties with utmost care
* Integrity: being honest and accurate
* Justice: enhance people’s access to benefits of psychological knowledge
* Respect: respect people’s dignity and rights to confidentiality and self-determination

Question 6

Human Research- Ethical standards

Answer 6

• Informed consent Study’s purpose and procedure
• Potential benefits
• Potential risks to participants
• Right to decline participation and withdraw at any time without penalty
• Confidentiality/ privacy safeguarded
• Deception

Question 7

Animal Research- Ethical standards

Answer 7

• Proper justification of the research
• Maintenance and inspection of appropriate housing for the animals
• Minimising discomfort and stress whenever possible
• Preference of noninvasive measures
• Reviewed and approved by ethics review board that includes non scientists

Question 8

Research Methods

Answer 8

• Descriptive (Case study)
• Naturalistic observation (Real life setting)
• Surveys (large population)
• Correlational research (Relationship between variables)
• Experimental research (Cause and effect)

Question 9

Research Steps

Answer 9

Ask- Hypothesis
Identify- Variables
Choose- Random assignment of subjects
Assign- Experimental and control groups
Manipulate- Double blind procedure
Measure- Scoring
Analyze- Descriptive/Inferential statistics/Confounding of variables