24th July 2024

Question 1

Difference between Illusion, Delusion and Hallucination

Answer 1

Illusion- misinterpreting external stimuli, ex: a golf ball is the moon
Delusion- strong false belief despite evidence proving otherwise, ex: gov put chips in vaccines to track us!!!
Hallucination- perceptions in the absence of stimuli, ex: hearing sound when none is present

Question 2

What is Instinct?

Answer 2

It is unlearnt behavior that is not thought driven but driven by survival

Question 3

Wilhelm Wundt

Answer 3

He was the founding father of experimental psychology.
He created the first experimental lab for psychology in 1879 in Leipzig West Germany

Question 4

Stanley Hall

Answer 4

Wilhelm Wundt’s student
Created a lab at John Hopkins in 1883
Founded and led American Psychological Association (APA)- the first psychological body- in 1892

Question 5

Origin of Psychology

Answer 5

Psyche (soul), Logos (discourse)

Three traditional definitions:
1. Study of souls
2. Study of minds
3. Study of conscious experiences
1 and 2 were rejected since minds and souls cannot be seen. 3 was rejected since psychology studies beyond the conscious as well.

Psychology as a discipline originated from Philosophy (rational and empirical) and Physiology (scientific study)

The hope of psychology is to understand human behaviour

Question 6

Observation and Suggestion Experiment

Answer 6

(fill later)

Question 7

Definitions of Psychology:

Answer 7

1. The study of behaviour (how and why)
2. Stimulus, Organism and Response (SOR)
3. Understand, Describe, Predict and Control behavior
4. “What is man?” Edwin Boring 1939
5. Scientific study of behavior and mental processes- Robert Feldman

Scientific Study has 4 goals: describe, understand, predict and control.

Question 8

Behaviour

Answer 8

There are two main types of behaviors: covert and overt.
“Overt” means “apparent”, or “visible”.
“Covert” means “hidden” or “concealed”.

Question 9

Autism

Answer 9

A condition marked by especially abnormal or impaired development in social interactions, spoken language and sensory motor systems.
* Autistics characteristically few activities or interests and spend long periods repeating the same ritualistic activities
* Autism works on a spectrum, autistics find it hard to: detect/understand social cues, learn languages and sympathise or empathise
* The hallmark of autism is social awkwardness
* Autism cannot be diagnosed until the age of 3. Since that is when wider social interaction begins

Question 10

Historical Psychological Approaches

Answer 10

Structuralism
Functionalist
Gestalt
Behaviouralism

Question 11

Structuralism (1890)

Answer 11

the study of the structure of mind and elements of the mind using introspection
by Wilhelm Wundt
Structuralism is a theory of consciousness that seeks to analyze the elements of mental experiences, such as sensations, mental images, and feelings, and how these elements combine to form more complex experiences

Question 12

Introspection

Answer 12

A method of exploring conscious mental processes by asking subjects to look at inwards and report their sensations and perceptions

Question 13

Gestalt (1900)

Answer 13

by Max Wertheimer
the whole is greater than the sum of its parts
focuses on human mind and behaviour as a whole

Question 14

Functionalism (1900)

Answer 14

by William James
the mind’s primary purpose is to help humans adapt to their environment
focuses on the functional and practical needs of the mind

Question 15

Current Perspectives and Approaches

Answer 15

Biological, Psychodynamic, Behvaioural, Humanistic, Cognitive, Evolutionary

Question 16

Biological Perspective

Answer 16

aims: understand psychology with the study of the brain and nervous system
influential period: from 1950s to present day
principle contributors: James Olds, Roger Sperry
subject matter: physiological bases of behaviour in humans and animals
basic premise: an organisms functioning can be explained in terms of bodily structures and biochemical processes that underlie behaviour

Question 17

CASE ANALYSIS: PHINEAS GAGE

Answer 17

In 1848, a 3 foot long pole got lodged in Phineas’s skull damaging his frontal lobe
These were changes noticed in him after the incident:
* Impulsivity: hasty decisions without considering consequences
* Irresponsibility: struggled fulfilling responsibility and maintaining job
* Inappropriate Behavior: hard to regulate emotions and became angry often
* Decline in social skills: strained interactions, affecting relations and connections
Despite injury he lived for 12 more years

Question 18

p

Psychodynamic Approach

Answer 18

influential period: from 1900s to present
principle contributors: Sigmund Freud, Karl Jung, Alfred Adler
subject matter: unconscious determinants of behaviour
basic premise: unconscious motives and experiences in early childhood govern personality and mental disorders

Question 19

unconscious

Answer 19

any thought, fear, anxiety that impacts your behavior (without your awareness)

Question 20

Freud and Psychoanalysis

unconscious mind, personality, life-death instincts, defense mechanism, psychosexual development

Answer 20

Freud was the father of psychoanalysis
* the first 6 years play an important role in the moulding of personality
* thoughts and feelings of guilt, anxiety threathen self esteem, these stem from unresolved sexual conflicts that are placed deep inside our unconscious. These deep unconscious thoughts give rise to psychological problems
* sex and aggression determine behavior
* ego is sandwiched between the demands of the Id and Superego so develops defense mechanisms to protect itself

Question 21

Id, Ego, Superego

Freud and Personality

Answer 21

According to Freud, the human psyche has 3 parts which develop at different stages of our life:
1. Id: primitive, instinctive, impulsive response to needs and desires, engages in primary process thinking (illogical, irrational, fantastical), selfish, wishful, pleasure principle (when Id is satisfied, we get pleasure otherwise displeasure), doesn’t change over time
2. Ego: part of conscious personality, rational, works by reason, develops during infancy, fulfils Id’s needs in a safe + socially accepted way, works on reality principle, considers social realities, norms, etiquettes, rules, secondary process thinking (rational, realistic, problem solving), no concept of morality (right/wrong).
3. Super-Ego: moral + ethical aspect, develops during early childhood (when norms and values are internalised) moral compass, perfection, maintain social + moral order with the personality.

Question 21

Defense Mechanisms

Answer 21

Unconscious strategies using which people protect themselves from anxiety (thoughts and feelings), allow people to navigate painful experiences or channel energy more productivity.
1. Projection: attributing ones unacceptable feelings or desires onto other people.
2. Denial: refusal to recognise or acknowledge real facts that would lead to anxiety.
3. Repression: Blocking difficult thoughts from entering the consciousness.
4. Regression: reverting to behaviours or emotions of an easier developmental stage.
5. Rationalisation: justifying a mistake of bad feeling with seemingly logical reasons or explanations.
6. Displacement: redirecting an emotional reaction from the rightful recipient to another person.
7. Reaction Formation: behaving or expressing the opposite of one’s true feelings.
8. Sublimation: Channeling unacceptable urges into a productive outlet
9. Intellectualisation: focusing on the intellectual rather than emotional consequences of a situation.
10. Compartmentalisation: separating components of one’s life into different categories to prevent conflicting emotions.

Question 22

Ziegarnick Effect

Answer 22

Brain reminds you to finish unfinished tasks

Question 23

Elizabeth Donna William

Answer 23

1. Dislikes touch, hug, eye contact, meeting strangers, people with loud noises
2. Ate lettuce cause rabbit liked lettuce, ate jelly cause it looked like coloured glass
3. Had green eyes as soft toys called Willy, wisps were her friends
4. People’s words sounded like weird noises without meaning
5. Overstimulation cause her to freeze up aka involuntarily anesthesized
6. She loved the sound of letters
7. Tested for deafness when she was a child
8. Did not learn that words had meanings until she was a teenager
9. She rejected hugs since they caused her a burning sensation
10. Soap suds, avoid looking at soap suds

Question 24

Behavioural Approach

Answer 24

• Influential period from 1913 to present
• principle contributors: John B Watson, Ivan Pavlov, B.F Skinner
• subject matter: effects of environment on overt behavior of humans and animals
• basic premise: only observable events (stimulus- response relations) can be studied scientifically
• they reject introspection, if psychology is a science the introspection can’t be evidence, only observable behaviour will be
• they follow the black box approach

Question 25

Humanistic Approach

Answer 25

• influential period: from 1950 to present
• principle contributors: Carl Rogers, Abraham Maslow
• subject matter: unique aspects of human behavior
• basic premise: humans are free, rational beings with the potential for personal growth and are fundamentally different from animals

Question 26

Cognitive Approach

Answer 26

• influential period: 1950s to present
• principle contributors: Jean Piaget, Noam Chomsky, Herbert Simon
• subject matter: thoughts and mental processes
• basic premise: human behavior cannot be fully understood without examining how people acquire, store and process information
• Cognition refers to those mental processes that transform the sensory input in various ways: code it, share it, store it in memory and retrieve for later use

Question 27

Cross Cultural

Answer 27

The understanding of certain mental disorders varied over cultures (in terms of diagnosis, interpretation and changes over time)

Question 28

Evolutionary

Answer 28

the study of behaviour, thought, and feeling as viewed through the lens of evolutionary biology

Question 29

Positive Psychology

Answer 29

• by Martin Seligman
• focuses on the psychological states, individual traits or character strengths and social institutions that make life worth living
• intimacy, intergrity, altruism, wisdom

a subsection of behavioral psychology

Question 30

Maslow’s Needs

Answer 30

Transcendence
Self Actualisation
Aesthetic Needs
Cognitive Needs
Self-Esteem Needs
Love and Belonging
Safety Needs
Physiological Needs

Question 31

Psychological Fields

Answer 31

experimental, social development, cognitive, biological, personality, psycho-metric, clinical, counselling, educational (school), industrial/organisational, health, forensic, para

Question 32

Black Box

Answer 32

a system in which both the input and output are observable but the processes that occur between them are unknown or not observable.

Question 33

Recognition

Answer 33

Fusiform Gyrus- process faces
Inferior Temporal Gyrus- process inanimate objects

Donna lacked Fusiform Gyrus functioning and Inferior did both processing

Question 34

Levels of Mind- Freud

Answer 34

Freud proposed that the mind is divided into three levels: the conscious, preconscious, and unconscious. The unconscious mind holds desires, memories, and motivations that are not accessible to our conscious awareness but influence behavior. The preconscious is the part of the mind that holds thoughts and memories not currently in our awareness but can easily be accessed when needed. It’s like mental storage for information that isn’t in our immediate focus but can be quickly recalled. The conscious refers to thoughts, feeling and memories that an individual is aware of.

Question 35

Psycho-Sexual Stages of Development

Answer 35

Oral (0-1 years): Focus on mouth activities (sucking, biting).
Anal (1-3 years): Focus on bowel and bladder control.
Phallic (3-6 years): Focus on the genitals; includes the Oedipus complex (boys) and Electra complex (girls).
Latency (6-puberty): Sexual impulses are repressed; focus on social skills.
Genital (puberty-adulthood): Sexual impulses reawaken; mature sexual relationships develop.
Freud believed that unresolved conflicts or fixations at any stage could lead to personality issues in adulthood, influencing behavior and mental health.