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Neuroanatomy > Temporal Lobe > Flashcards

Temporal Lobe Flashcards

1
Q

Includes all tissue that lies below the:

A

Lateral (Sylvian) fissure

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2
Q

Subcritical structures include the: (3)

These areas together play a role in

A

Limbic cortex
Amygdala
Hippocampal formation

Memory and emotional function

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3
Q

The Sylvian fissure contains tissue forming the _________. Which can be broken down into two regions.

How do you reveal this region?

A

Insula

Can be broken down into the gustatory cortex and the auditory association cortex

By ‘picking up’ the entire lateral fissure

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4
Q

Gustatory cortex

> responsible for
consists of

A

Region responsible for the perception of taste

Consists of the anterior insula and the frontal operculum

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5
Q

The superior temporal sulcus separates the:

The STS contains many subregions of polymodal cortex. Describe where it receives input from:

The STS is located…

A

Superior and middle temporal gyri

Receives input from auditory, visual, and somatic regions in the frontal and parietal lobes. Also receives input from the paralimbic cortex.

Under the superior temporal sulcus

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6
Q

The lateral surface of the temporal lobe can be subdivided into two regions:

A

Auditory areas and the central stream of visual information.

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7
Q

Insula plays a critical role in:

A

Reading, and learning. Damage to the insula can result in learning/reading disability.

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8
Q

The medial temporal cortex is also known as the _________.

This cortex includes the : (3)

These structures are critical in…

A

Limbic cortex.

Amygdala and adjacent cortex (uncus), the hippocampus and adjacent cortex (subiculum, entorhinal cortex, perirhinal cortex), and the fusiform gyrus.

Learning where we, and other objects are in space.

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9
Q

Differentiate between afferent and efferent projections.

A

Afferent projections are coming from sensory systems.

Efferent projections are going to the parietal and frontal association regions, the limbic system, and the basal ganglia.

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10
Q

How are the left and right temporal lobes connected?

A

Neocortex of left and right are connected by the corpus callosum.

Medial temporal regions and the amygdala are connected by the anterior commissure.

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11
Q

CONNECTIONS OF THE TEMPORAL LOBE

hierarchical sensory pathway:

A

Incoming auditory and visual information

Key in stimulus recognition - where things are coming from which is valuable for survival

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12
Q

CONNECTIONS OF THE TEMPORAL LOBE

Dorsal auditory pathway

A

From auditory cortex to posterior parietal love

Key in detection of spatial location and movement of sound

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13
Q

CONNECTIONS OF THE TEMPORAL LOBE

Polymodal pathway

A

From auditory and visual areas to many polymodal regions in the cortex
Key in stimulus categorization (what is that sound)

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14
Q

CONNECTIONS OF THE TEMPORAL LOBE

Medial temporal projection

A

From auditory and visual areas to medial temporal lobe, limbic cortex, hippocampal formation, and the amygdala

Key in learning and memory (learning from experience with emotional salience)

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15
Q

CONNECTIONS OF THE TEMPORAL LOBE

Frontal lobe projections

Incongruent affect

A

Auditory and visual cortex to frontal lobe
Key in movement and control (bricks and speech language areas)
Key in working memory (keeping information active and online to be used in the moment)
Key in affect (portrayal of mood)

When the reaction does not match the context ie laughing at pain

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16
Q

Temporal lobe function

1) processing speech, music, and other auditory stimuli
2) visual object recognition
3) long term storage of information
4) affective responses

A

1) primary and secondary auditory cortex
2) secondary visual cortex (ventral pathway)
3) hippocampus and perirhinal cortex (creating concrete categories so we can use them again, often refers to our beliefs about ourself)
4) amygdala

17
Q

PERCEPTUAL PROCESSES

Identification and categorization of stimuli

Cross modal matching

A

Using visual and auditory stimuli

Process of matching visual and auditory information. Depends on cortex of superior temporal sulcus. This occurs most frequently in language.

18
Q

Superior temporal sulcus and biological motion

A

Imaging reveals activation during biological motion. Movements are relevant to species.

Social cognition or theory of mind - I am a human having my own experience and you are a human having your own experience.

19
Q

Vertical organization of cells in area TE

A

Cells with similar selectivity cluster in vertical columns

This organization is meant to aid in rapid conduction

Rate of processing is faster is we have already been exposed to a stimulus

20
Q

Face perception pathway

A

Different aspects of facial perception are analyzed in the temporal part of the ventral stream

The right temporal lobe has a more important role (therefore, left visual field bias)

21
Q

Describe the thatcher illusion

A

Difficult to recognize local changes in upside down faces whereas it is simple to notice those differences in upright faces. Preservation of facial information

22
Q

Distributed system for face perception

Refer to recipe card for diagram.

A

Different parts of facial perception (expression, identity) are analyzed in core visual areas of the occipitotemporal part of the ventral stream.

Some parts are analyzed in an extended system (emotion and lip reading)

23
Q

Speech sounds come in three specific formants:

A

Timbre - whispy vs. Bold. The destinctive characteristic of a sound

Loudness - magnitude of sensation as judged by a given person. Measured in decibels.

Pitch - position in a musical scale, or frequency.

24
Q

Speech sounds vary rapidly and differ from one instant to another

A

Yet they are still perceived as speech sounds and differ via the components of the final sound.

25
Q

Periodicity (fundamental) pitch vs. Spectral pitch

A

Some will hear the True Tone others may hear the tones resonating above or below what is being played. May be asymmetric in the temporal cortex.

26
Q

Right temporal lobe and pitch

      - prosody
A

May be dominant in extracting pitch regardless of wether it is a speech sound or music sound.

Prosody is the tone of voice or fluctuations of pitch in speech. Leads to emotional aspect of language and is primarily processed in the right hemisphere.

27
Q

Music perception: left vs right

A

Left temporal lobe plays role in grouping for rhythm

Right hemisphere played a role in the meter and the beat.

Fits well with local (L) and global (R) differentiation theory.

28
Q

Asymmetry of temporal lobe function

A

Left:
Verbal memory
Speech processing

Right:
Nonverbal memory
Face processing

29
Q

Symptoms of temporal lobe lesions (9)

A
  1. Auditory disturbance
  2. Disorders of music perception
  3. Disturbance of selection of visual and auditory input
  4. Impaired organization and categorization
  5. Inability to use contextual information
  6. Disturbance of language comprehension
  7. Long term memory problems
  8. Altered personality and affective behaviour
  9. Altered sexual behaviour
30
Q

Most common form of epilepsy

Disorder of what kind of brain tissue

What kind of seizures

What often precedes seizures

A

Temporal lobe epilepsy

Gray matter

Complex partial - only one area of the brain. Impacts awareness and consciousness

Olfactory or auditory auras

31
Q

Seizure surgery can often control refractory seizures

What does seizure surgery entail

We would expect better outcomes with right temporal lobectomy

MTS-

A

When medications are not helping your epilepsy

Respecting the medial temporal lobe on one side

Not providing enough inhibitory control leading to seizures, plaque begins to form and we have to remove the hippocampus on that side

32
Q

Lose more function after left temporal lobectomy than after a right one

A

20% vs. 40%

Neuroanatomy (4 decks)

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