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Neuroanatomy > Frontal Lobe > Flashcards

Frontal Lobe Flashcards

1
Q 
Area 4
Areas 6 and 8
     Lateral area 6
     Medial area 6
     Area 8
     Area 8A
A 
Motor
Premotor
     Premotor cortex 
     Supplementary motor cortex 
     Frontal eye field
     Supplementary eye field
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2
Q

Prefrontal cortex

A

Area that receives input from the dorsomedial nucleus of the thalamus

Divided into the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, inferior frontal cortex (orbitofrontal cortex), and medial frontal cortex (sometimes part of cingulate)

** many areas are multimodal **

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3
Q

CONNECTIONS OF MOTOR AND PREMOTOR AREAS

motor cortex

A

Projects to the spinal motor neurons, cranial nerves that control the face

Projects the basal ganglia and the red nucleus

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4
Q

CONNECTIONS OF MOTOR AND PREMOTOR AREAS

Premotor

A

Projections to motor cortex, spinal cord

Received projections from parietal areas PE and PF as well as dorsolateral prefrontal area

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5
Q

CONNECTIONS OF MOTOR AND PREMOTOR AREAS

Eye fields

A

Receive from PG and the superior colliculus

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6
Q

CONNECTIONS OF PREFRONTAL AREAS

Dorsolateral prefrontal area

A

Reciprocal connections with the posterior parietal and STS

Extensive connections with the cingulate cortex, basal ganglia, and superior colliculus

Received input from dopamine this cells in the tegmentum

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7
Q

CONNECTIONS OF PREFRONTAL AREAS

Orbital frontal cortex

A

Received from temporal lobe, amygdala, gustatory cortex, somatosensory cortex, olfactory cortex, dopaminergic cells in the tegmentum

Projects to the hypothalamus and amygdala

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8
Q

Frontal lobe as a part of the visual system

A

End of dorsal (where) and ventral (what) streams of visual input

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9
Q

Theory of frontal lobe function

Organization of goal directed behaviour

Executive functions

A 
Planning and selection 
Ignoring distractions 
Memory
Context 
Cues

** allows us to be inhibited and not impulsive

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10
Q

Functions of premotor cortex

A

Selects movements to be executed

Chooses behaviour in response to external cues

  • increase in activity is seek when external cues are associated with movement
  • supplementary motor may choose in response to internal cues
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11
Q

Functions of prefrontal cortex

Responsive to multiple cues

  • internal
  • external
  • context
  • autonoetic awareness
A

Controls cognitive processes so that appropriate actions are selected at the right time

  • working memory (dorsolateral frontal cortex)
  • feedback about rewarding stimuli (orbital frontal cortex)
  • regulation of social interactions (orbital and ventromedial frontal cortex)
  • self knowledge, continuity through time (ventromedial frontal cortex)
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12
Q

Executive functions and the frontal lobes - memory model

A

Multiple regions operating in a parallel way

Not just one executive but many pathways

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13
Q

Asymmetry of the frontal lobes

Left

Right

Frontal lobe damage = very inflexible cognitively and will take everything literally

A

Left
Language especially left frontal
Encoding memories

Right
Non-verbal movements and facial expression
Retrieving memories

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14
Q

Heterogeneity of frontal lobe function

Some degree of Neuroanatomy cal specificity

Frontal damage is unlikely to produce impairment in all functions

A

Frontal lobes perform variety of functions

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15
Q

Visual search tasks

Tests:

A

Tests frontal eye fields in occulomotor circuit

Working memory 
Sustained attention
Eye control
Language component 
Categorization
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16
Q

Wisconsin card sorting task

Tests

A

Behavioural flexibility

Working memory
Colour form and number
Interference effect - forget which they tried if there is overlap in similarity
Hard to localize this in the brain

17
Q

Stroop rest

A

Self-ministering. Do they know they got it wrong or do they go along anyway

18
Q

Tower of London

A

Shows perseveration

Time to first move - impulsivity measure

19
Q

Iowa gambling task

A

How much risk is someone willing to take.

A repeat gambler will always take the biggest risk

20
Q

Lobotomy

A

Individual becomes docile - lack of initiation

Later replaced with antipsychotic medication

Ablation of prefrontal cortex

Initially for psychosis but spread to other diagnosis’

Neuroanatomy (4 decks)

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