Tempest pack

Question 1

JAmes 1’st

Answer 1

the company’s patron from since he ascended the English throne in 1603

Question 2

JAmes 1’st’s interest in magic

Answer 2

wrote the Daemonologie

Question 3

magic in Shakespeare’s time

Answer 3

a serious area of study in Shakespeare’s time, and one which raised considerable anxieties.

Question 4

medieval church’s opinion on magic

Answer 4

to be avoided by god fearing men

Question 5

difficulty with being against magic

Answer 5

thin line between science and magic

Question 6

BArbara Howard TRasiter on science and its closeness to magic

Answer 6

“To experiment, to enquire into the secrets of the universe, was to come very close to involvement with magic. Medicine and astronomy, for example, were frequently associated with magic.”

Question 7

16th century scientist FRancis BAcon

Answer 7

the empirical study of natural and supernatural forces could lead to the power to control such forces, to raise storms at will and even control the seasons

Question 8

della Porta on magic

Answer 8

the perfect knowledge of natural things: and those are called Magicians,

Question 9

Della porta

Answer 9

16th century, NAples, ‘Magiae Naturalis’ spent his life on scientifice endeavours

Question 10

Della Porta on Sorcery

Answer 10

“infamous, and unhappie, because it hath to do with foul spirits” (Sycorax raather than Prospero, why ARiel refused to obey her)

Question 11

REnaissance

Answer 11

14th-17th centurt

Question 12

Renaissance revival ofNeoplatonism

Answer 12

It was believed that by purifying himself of earthly ties and steadily pursuing wisdom and knowledge, a man could lift himself above the concerns of the sublunar world and participate in knowledge of cosmic affairs. Neoplatonists believed that angelic/planetary spirits had to be called to assist the magician

Question 13

John Dee

Answer 13

Shakespeare’s contemporary
owner of probably the largest library in England, and a practitioner of what he called “thaumaturge or divine magic”
believed he succeeded in communicating with spirits
asked to cast Queen Elizabeth’s horoscope and predictd that she would rule (he was her adviser)
producer of remarkable spectacles and he was supposed to have made his reputation initially by producing an elaborate mechanical beetle which appeared to fly in a Greek play.
credited with putting a “hex” on the spanish armada
died soon before work on the Tempest was startes
His spirit communicant was called Uriel

Question 14

William Stratchey

Answer 14

shipwrecked off the coast of Bermuda in 1609, wrote it in 1610

Question 15

When was the tempest written

Answer 15

1611

Question 16

Stratchey describes an Ariel like fire

Answer 16

“a little round light, like a faint star, trembling and streaming along with a sparkling blaze half the height upon the mainmast….running sometimes along the mainyard to the very end and then returning”

Ariel “Sometime I’d divide and burn in many places; on the topmast, the yards and bowsprit would I flame distinctly, then meet and join”

Question 17

What does Stratchey credit their survival to

Answer 17

“by the mercy of God”

Question 18

In the middle of the 16th century what kind of theater began to be written

Answer 18

the MAsque

Question 19

The masque

Answer 19

organised not around words but spectacle, elaborate costume dancing, singing and poetry on a stage where amazing scenery

Question 20

James 1’st and masques

Answer 20

particularly fond of them

Question 21

antimasque

Answer 21

demonic and bizarre characters are introduced, thy were contrasted to the Virtues. (TRinculo etc)

Question 22

John Dee’s performance

Answer 22

put on a performance of Aristophanes which invloced characters appearing to fly through the air
some did not believe their effects could be create through mechanical means

Question 23

good magic

Answer 23

mageia/theurgy

Question 24

bad magic

Answer 24

goteia

Question 25

“natural”

Answer 25

controlling the elements

Question 26

“celestial”

Answer 26

relates to the stars and astrology

Question 27

“intellectual”

Answer 27

control of spirits

Question 28

Pico Della Mirandola (15th Century Italian Philosopher)on goteia and mageia

Answer 28

goteia is condemned by all legal codes and well-governed commonwealth
mageia “approved and embraced by all wise men and by all peoples solicitous of heavenly and divine things.”

Question 29

Christopher O’Reilley on th Carribean

Answer 29

the gateway to the ‘New World’

“these new lands seemed to represent a paradise on earth, where man lived in a state of uncorrupted innocence, as Adam and Eve had done before the Fall;”

“The myth of the New World as a place of untainted, rural innocence was being constructed in the European imagination.”

Question 30

Stratchey’s ship

Answer 30

Sea Venture

Question 31

How did Shakespeare have access to Stratchey’s account

Answer 31

because he knew men with a financial interest in the Virginia Company,

Question 32

How long was Stratchey stranded on the Bermuda island

Answer 32

a year, built boats, reached the others in Jamestown Virginia

Question 33

How does Stratchey describe Virginia when he arrives

Answer 33

“misery and misgovernment”

Question 34

Bartolome de Las Casas on Indian languages

Answer 34

the greeks called people barbarous because they mispronounced their language “just as we esteemed these people of these Indie barbarous, so they considered us, because of not understanding us.”

Question 35

Stratchey, the lieutenant governor’s treatment of the indigenous

Answer 35

“would not by any means be wrought to a violent proceeding against them for all the practices of
villainy “
Later on “he well perceived how little a fair and noble entreaty works upon a barbarous disposition.”

Question 36

How Stratchey describes the BErmudas

Answer 36

abundance in the physical environment.

world may have greater store or better fish.

Question 37

Captain John Smith’s A True Relation of Such Occurrences and Accidents of Note as Hath Hapned in Virginia [1608]. Describes arrival of the ten year old Pocahontas sent by her father

Answer 37

not only for feature, countenance, and proportion, much exceedeth any of the rest of his people: but for wit and
spirit, the only Nonpareil of his Country.

Question 38

bishop of Avila language quote

Answer 38

In 1492, bishop of Avila presented Queen Isabella of Spain with the first grammar of a modern European tongue he replied to her question ‘What is it for?’ by saying
‘Your majesty, language is the perfect instrument of
empire.’

Question 39

John Smith on the uses of the indigenous

Answer 39

there were animals in abundance but we were so unskilled at catching them that
“had the Savages not fed us, we directly had starved.”

Question 40

an actor of CAliban in 1890

Answer 40

he spent many hours watching monkeys and baboons in the zoo. His curious costume she described as ‘half monkey, half coconut’. carried a real fish in his mouth
hung head down from trees and gibber at trinculo
stretches out his hand to the vanishing ship “in mute despair” as a “king once more” Caliban is lost without the civilising influence exerted on him by Prospero and his companions; the islander needs the Europeans, the slave needs the master as much as the master needs the slave.

Question 41

late 20th century productions of Caliban

Answer 41

Quilley’s “His make-up is bisected: on one half the ugly scrofulous monster whom Prospero sees, on the other an image of the noble savage”
and another “too perfect pronunciation of an alien”

Question 42

As European languages spread a new belief arose

Answer 42

“conviction that there is no serious language barrier between the Indians and the Europeans” “a single faith, a single text, a single reality”. -Greenblatt

Question 43

First slaves brought to Europe

Answer 43

were brought to be given a European education so they could be a help as interpreters

Question 44

The REquiremento

Answer 44

to be read aloud to newly encountered peoples in the New World.

Obedience to the king and queen of spain. God gave lordship to St. Peter over the whole human race. If this was rejected war shall be made onto you “shall subject you to the yoke and obedience of the Church and of their highnesses” we shall make slaves of your family, and this will be your fault

Question 45

The Romance elements of the Tempest

Answer 45

are all engineered by Prospero

Question 46

Jonson’s opinion of the Tempest

Answer 46

In the induction to Bartholomew Fair. Jonson is Jonson “is loth to make nature afraid in his plays, like those that beget Tales, Tempests, and such like drolleries,
romance, that they are mere “tales” and lack mimetic connection to an identifiable
reality.

Question 47

Gonzalo and romance

Answer 47

he would coin it as perfect Romance:
Prospero was thrust from Milan so that his offspring would be kings of Naples, Ferdinand found Miranda when he himself was lost,

Question 48

IT is not a tragedy it must be a Romance because of the dealings of fate

Answer 48

“an event with tragic potential leads not to the revenge and destruction of tragedy but instead to reconciliation, redemption and restoration.” - Sam Brunner

( Whereas in tragedy, governed by Fate and Fortune, the hero’s hamartia leads him to his fatal end, the Romances, presided over by Divine Providence, give their mistaken protagonist a second chance. The central characters’ faults are not tragic flaws, but human error and sin, and the acceptance and subsequent repentance of this error concludes with an experience of providential restoration of order. )

Question 49

Pericles’ awareness of time, why does this make it a Romance

Answer 49

Pericles’ acceptance that he is at the mercy of time enables him stoically to weather the strife that accosts him through the play:
“He bears A tempest, which his mortal vessel tears, And yet he rides it out.”

rewarded for his patience, reunited with his wife and daughter.

• In Romances there is always a second chance

Question 50

Tragedy and time

Answer 50

In tragedy, the protagonists are trapped within time, their choices irreversible, as Lady Macbeth realises:
What’s done cannot be undone.
-Sam Brunner

Question 51

1st Folio edition of Shakespeare’s plays (1623) The Tempest was grouped with

Answer 51

the comedies

Vaughan & Vaughan: “this must have satisfied most C17th readers.”

Question 52

Why is the tempest unlike earlier comedies

Answer 52

Audience attention more focussed on the father, Prospero, than on the young lovers, Ferdinand & Miranda; their betrothal planned (by the father) before they even meet. The comic clowning threatens the life of
the protagonist; the peril of assassination permeates the plot. The darker themes of Shakespeare’s tragedies – regicide, usurpation and vengeance are always near this comedy’s surface.

Question 53

Fletcher suggests a tragi-comedie

Answer 53

A tragie-comedie is not so called in respect of mirth and killing, but in respect that it wants (i.e. lacks) deaths, which is inough to make it no tragedie, yet brings some neere it, which is inough to make it no comedie

Question 54

Machiavelli on wrong and princes

Answer 54

“…it is necessary for a prince wishing to hold his own to know how to do wrong, and to make use of it or not according to necessity”

He must keep his state and must be prudent of those that would take it from him.

Question 55

Machiavelli on fear and love

Answer 55

which is better to be feared or to be loved, difficult to unite them in one person
much safer to be feared than loved, if you forget that in general men are ungrateful, fickle, false, cowardly, covetous, but they will turn against you when you are not succeeding
fear preserves you be a dread of punishment which never fails

Question 56

What is Miranda’s and Ferdinand’s marriage

Answer 56

an important dynastic marriage that politically consolidates the relations between two Italian city-states. Miranda is a commodity.

Question 57

What is Claribel

Answer 57

Claribel is the commodity or prize (or bait) in an act of commercial-colonial calculation over Africa.

Question 58

King of Tunis and Caliban

Answer 58

If the King of Tunis is the unwelcome black suitor whom the white bride tries to resist, then that’s the Caliban story told in a different way as well.
Miranda is able to resist successfully and her father stigmatizes and punishes the transgressor; Claribel is not able to resist and her father delivers his daughter into the black embrace. The King of Tunis becomes the son-in-law; Caliban is the son that Prospero can only unwillingly ‘acknowledge mine’.

Question 59

Women in the 17th century

Answer 59

granted to man not only to procreate children, and administer the family, but also in possession and, as it were, in dominion, over which man may exercise his jurisdiction and authority. -Cornelius a Lapide

Medieval chain of being saw King above man and woman below man

Question 60

Importance of virginity before marraige

Answer 60

meant they could be sure their son was their’s and not a bastard
- a man’s reputation would be desttroyed
- only the highest orders were thought to be able to resist the temptations of the flesh
-

Question 61

Desiderius Erasmus on the education of children

early 16th century

Answer 61

It is reason which defines our humanity; and where everything is done at the whim of physical desire, reason does not hold its rightful place.
- (some characters aren’t even men then)

Question 62

Ben Jonson on ignorance

Answer 62

I know no disease of the soul, but ignorance, not of the arts and sciences, but of itself;

Question 63

What does Caliban’s attempted rape signify

Answer 63

• he is not innocent
• violation of pastoral itself
• the innocent child is iconic in pastoral
• sex enters the pastoral

Question 64

Montaigne’s view on primitive man

Answer 64

“… the natural state in which cannibals live is superior in virtue and innocence to the condition of civilization”

Question 65

In what ways does Caliban resemble a child

Answer 65

childish exaggeration in his dreams of revenge
thinks often about his mother, and now that she is gone,
he dreams of riches dropping from heaven
cries to dream again
taught language
shown the man in the moon.
objects to being made a subject when he was ‘mine own king’

Question 66

The king during the time

Answer 66

At the time everything was an expression of gods Will. to overthrow a monarch was therefore thought to be a form of resistance to God’s will;

the Homily of Obedience, an official sermon delivered in all churches “we must patiently suffer all wrongs, and injuries, referring the judgement of our cause only to GOD.”

Question 67

Banquets as symbols

Answer 67

in renaissance culture,
establish themes of hospitality, friendship, generosity
as well as greed, hunger, temptation and sensual indulgence

Question 68

Romance Genre

Answer 68

“Roman” in old french: referred to courtly tales of legends, knights and classical heroes. These works often made use of magical and supernatural elements to create a sense of a fictional world somehow removed from that of everyday life.

They were usually a vehicle for conveying a moral message, and […] usually explored the themes of love and morality […].

Question 69

CAliban’s speech

Answer 69

Uses primarily mono- and duo-syllables with words mostly of Anglo-Saxon, non-Latinate derivation; interestingly used dialect word ‘urchin’ for hedgehog

• Primarily revolves around his subjective sense of self (I > me > mine)
• Uses periphrasis to suggest lexical limitations (‘the bigger light’ for the sun, though this also contains an interesting biblical echo)
• Is highly conscious of the social and political connotations of language: note his shift from ‘thou’ to ‘you’ in his address to Prospero at 1.2 331 – 343, and language of subject/ king
• Clauses are frequently linked by the conjunction ‘and’ (parataxis) suggesting an unsophisticated, child-like quality
• Phonetically, his expression is dense and compacted, with rich use of consonance and plosive sounds: note the patterning of /r/, /b/, /f/, /t/ and /p/ sounds in the following line: ‘The fresh springs, brine pits, barren places and fertile’. There is also a tendency to trochaic metre and spondee (though interestingly in blank verse): see above and also two lines on: ‘Of Sycorax, toads, beetles, bats light on you’

Question 70

Meaning of Utopia

Answer 70

From the Greek
ou- ‘no’
topos- ‘a place’
ia- meaning land– therefore, literally, no place land.

frustrations and obstructions of life (magistrates, wealth, power) would be removed and all could live naturally and authentically.

Question 71

The Forest in As You Like It (Arden)

Answer 71

a place of pastoral idealization, where life is simpler and purer, and its inhabitants live more closely to each other, nature and God than their urban counterparts.

Question 72

Orlando and Rosalind in As you Like IT

Answer 72

Orlando is absorbed in the ideal, Rosalind serves as a mediator, bringing Orlando back down to reality and embracing the simplicity of pastoral love, makes the two coexist

Question 73

Stratchey’s observation of the virginia colony without their ship-wrecked governor

Answer 73

“by the tempest of dissention: every man over-valuing his own worth, would be a Commander: every man underprizing another’s value, denied to be commanded”

Question 74

Prospero’s rulership of the island is like Thomas Moore’s Utopia

Answer 74

“no man may live idle”
slaves are only men “condemned to that state of life by crime…kept at perpetual labour, and are always chained”
the poor of the neighboring communities “offer of their own accord to come and serve them” and can return home whenever
those that run into “forbidden embraces before marriage are severely punished”
the magistrates would rather be called fathers
few laws

Question 75

James 1st on the divine right of kings

Answer 75

God’s lieutenants upon earth, compared to fathers, he is he politique father of his people.
kings are compared to the head of this microcosm of th body of man
Kings are like God because they can “make and unmake their subjects, they have the power of raising and casting down, of life and death, judges over all their subjects and in all causes and yet accountable to none but God only”
“to dispute what God may do is blasphemy…so is it sedition in subjects to dispute what a king may do”

Question 76

As you like it, the world is like a stage

Answer 76

“All the world’s a stage, And all the men and women merely players; They have their exits and their entrances,”