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Vertebrate Physiology > Temperature and Thermoregulation > Flashcards

Temperature and Thermoregulation Flashcards

1
Q

Thermal strategies

A

Behavioural
Chemical
Physiological

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2
Q

Behavioural strategies

A

migration

hibernation

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3
Q

Chemical strategies

A

Cell membrane - phospholipids

Cholesterol: too hot is a liquid and too cold it hardens

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4
Q

Physiological strategies

A

can build reserve from fat

Insulation

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5
Q

what do physiological mechanisms need

A

to be charged

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6
Q

what areas have more dramatic increases in temperature

A

big cities

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7
Q

what is the ring of fire in Northern Canada

A

machines that melt permafrost

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8
Q

Conduction

A

energy transfer from one object to another

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9
Q

Convection

A

energy transfer between the animals and the moving mileu

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10
Q

evaporation

A

thermal energy absorbed by the water on the surface of an object

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11
Q

Radiation

A

emission of electromagnetic energy frmo an object

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12
Q

thermal conduction

A

heat is conducted from internal tissues, throughout other tissues and fluids and into the surroundings

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13
Q

High thermal conductivity

A

heat sink

water has higher thermal conductivity in air which is why it would loose heat faster

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14
Q

what is heat lost too

A

moving fluid (water/air)

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15
Q

Shiver

A

a muscle contraction to heat the boundary layer

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16
Q

Bergmanns rule

A

states that animals living in cold environments tend to be larger than animals in warmer environments
(applies more to ectotherms)

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17
Q

Allens rule

A

states that animals living in colder climates tend to have shorter extremities than animals in warmer climates

18
Q

what is insulation for animals

A

fur
feathers
blubber

19
Q

Fur and Feathers

A
  • restricts movement between surface of animal and environment
  • keratin
  • traps air in between which keeps it warm
  • thickness and density changes (better traps air)
  • black bird controls piloerection at different temperatures
  • thermal conductance through trapped air
  • black absorbs wavelength but no reflects
  • white reflects but absorbs heat
  • polar bear (white absorbs and black causes less damage, hair is hollow)
20
Q

cons of fur and feathers

A
  • uncommon to be main form of insulation for mammals
  • compressible
  • energy expensive
21
Q

blubber

A
  • lipid layer distrupts the flow of thermal energy from the core to external surface of animal
  • thicker layer = more insulation
  • common insulation for marine mammals
  • non compressible
  • energy store
22
Q

poikilotherm

A

cannot regulate body temp and uses behaviour methods

23
Q

homeotherm

A

maintains body temp ( helps their nervous system)

24
Q

endothermic

A

animal generates internal heat to maintain a high body temperature

25
Q

ectothermic

A

environment determines the animals body temperature

26
Q

regional endothermy

A

heat will increase with MR
allow certain parts of the body to be warm during vasoconstriction
- aquatic animals have a system to regulate temperature in the body : rete mirabile
they favour heat production with lots of mitochondria and vasoconstriction

27
Q

temporal heterotherms

A

-partial endotherms
- when MR is reduced by the seasons or overnight - torpor
- hibernating animals drop their temperature
- while digesting prey the body temp will increase
partial endotherm because they are internally generating heat

28
Q

regional heterotherm

A
  • fish like marlin and sword fish can heat specific areas of their environment
  • Rete mirabile system used to maintain internal temperature
  • heat is generated through the digestive system and moved around by the body to the thermal exchange cells so that heat can be generated
29
Q

thermotolerance

A

animals have a characteristic degree of thermotolerance

  • ectotherms: changes in their TA alter body temperature directly changing rate of many biological processes
  • endotherms: respond to changes in TA by inducing regulatory responses
30
Q

thermal neutral zone

A

endotherm temperature tolerance range

- optimal temperature in which heat production is in equilibrium (heat loss and gain are the same)

31
Q

temperature effects on metabolism

A
  • ectotherms: change in the TA affects body temperature and directly affects various biological processes
  • endotherms: a change in the TA induces a compensatory response
  • membrane must be given time to allow the membrane to be functionally at different temperature
  • phospholipids become more saturated during warmer temperatures while becoming less saturated in colder temperatures (homeoviscus adaptation)
32
Q

homeoviscus adaptation

A
  • fatty acid chain length and saturated double bond
  • polar head phosphatidylcholine (PC) in heat
  • polar head phosphatidylethanol (PE) in cold
  • cholesterol: membranes are more liquid when external conditions change
33
Q

what are the two classes of macromolecules that are affected by temperature

A

proteins and lipids

34
Q

Ice crystals in tissues can have two harmful effects

A
  • break membranes

- take water and causes a hyper osmotic stress

35
Q

ice nucleators

A
  • affect calcium and salts will reduce temperature again

- help with freezing of membrane with changes from phospholipids

36
Q

ambient temperature

A
  • how it varies is realized by thermoreceptors
  • thermoreceptors are in the abdominal regions, muscles and one more
  • controlled by sensors
37
Q

panting

A

found in many mammals
important in species living in warm regions
- gazelles, camels, canines, felines
- absent in horses, rodents, primates and humans

38
Q

sleeping

A
  • functioning of the brain
  • reduce body temperature
  • we go to sleep and sometimes wake up cold
  • use strategies in order to cool it down for sleeping
39
Q

torpor

A
  • body temp is reduced
  • BMR is reduced
  • many different individuals
  • humming bird = small surface area and they lose heat at a higher rate
    temp drops to 13ºC
40
Q

estivation

A
  • practiced by some mammals such as squirrels who spends the hottest part of summer sleeping in their burrows with body temp close to ambient temp
41
Q

hibernation

A
  • physiological adaptation
  • survive when food availability is poor and cause a decrease in body temp and metabolism
  • accompanies by a significant decrease of internal temp to 1ºC
    only hibernating animals can survive this because for any other animal if it goes below 17ºC it is lethal
  • interrupted by periodic arousals of ‘unpredictable’ nature and temp increases to 37ºC
  • 75% time in orthodox sleep
  • awakeness is constant
  • pay attention to length of day, changes in temp and food availability to prepare for hibernation
  • bouts where they change from high to low
  • gets to a point where they need to get up to get energy.

Vertebrate Physiology (5 decks)

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