Exchange of Material

Question 1

What needs to be transported in blood circulation?

Answer 1

Nutrients and fuels (from digestive system)
respiratory gases
intracellular waste
protective agents (immune defences)
regulator molecules (hormones)

Question 2

Why is high pressure needed in the blood?

Answer 2

high pressure makes sure that the blood reaches every single cell in the body

Question 3

Vertebrate circulatory system

Answer 3

closed system 
# heart chambers differ

Question 4

Selective forces of the vertebrate circulatory system

Answer 4

body size
endothermy
effect of higher MR

Question 5

How many chambers do fish, amphibian, reptile, bird and mammal hearts have?

Answer 5

Fish - 2
Amphibian -3
Reptiles - 3
Birds and mammals - 4

Question 6

Fish vascular system

Answer 6

1 atrium and 1 ventricle (4 parts though)
blood enters in sinus venosus which is then pushed to the atrium
blood then pushed into ventricle
then into bulbus arteriosus
pump is sigmoid

Question 7

Amphibian vascular system

Answer 7

blood returning from lungs to left atrium is oxygenated

blood returning from the skin is mixed with deoxygenated blood from the body

Question 8

Reptile (non croc) vascular system

Answer 8

R-L shunt: direct blood to systemic system

L-R shunt: direct blood to pulmonary system

Question 9

heart electrical properties

Answer 9

pacemaker creates AP
cardiomycytes can contract without external stimulus
specialized cells (pacemaker) set intrinsic heart rate

Question 10

fish pacemaker

Answer 10

sinus venosus

Question 11

vertebrate pacemaker

Answer 11

it is in the sinoatrial node (SA node)`

Question 12

Electrocardiogram PQRST

Answer 12

P - atrial depolarization
Q-R-S complex - ventrical depolarization and atria polarization
T - ventricle polarization

Question 13

relation between cardiac activity, body mass and oxygen needs

Answer 13

heart mass increases with body size in mammals
bigger heart = higher pressure
bigger animal = slower heart beat

Question 14

Blood pressure

Answer 14

pressure in an artery depends on gravity as a result of the blood weigh from the heart to the organ in question

Question 15

standing vs laying down blood pressure

Answer 15

standing: arterial pressure decrease in head, stays the same in abdomen and increases in legs
laying down: arterial pressure about same in head, abdomen and legs

Question 16

giraffe

Answer 16

standing - high pressure in legs and low in head
bending = vasodilation of vessels in lower body
arteries in legs are thick and the tight skin and muscles allow for the blood to be pushed back up
neck has reinforced blood vessels to restrict bloodflow to head

Question 17

Bradycardia, tachycardia, apnea

Answer 17

bradycardia: reduction of HR
tachycardia: increase of HR
apnea: interruption of external breathing

Question 18

Blood components

Answer 18

plasma (55%)
leucocytes (<1%)
erythrocytes (45%)

Question 19

plasma proteins

Answer 19

albumin (helps control osmotic pressure and diffusion of water)
globulin (includes antibodies and transport proteins)
fibrinogen (involved in clotting)
serum (blood plasma from which fibrinogen has been removed

Question 20

Erythrocytes

Answer 20

smallest but most abundant is found in mammals
less abundant but bigger in poikilotherms
mammals do not have a nucleus in theirs
principle component is hemoglobin

Question 21

hemoglobin

Answer 21

2 alpha and 2 beta chains with iron - O2 attaches to the iron and is transported
bad when it is saturated by CO2
oxyhemoglobin when O2 attached

Question 22

Leucocytes

Answer 22

amount in blood is highly variable - depends on various factors
less than RBC

Question 23

Platelets (thrombocytes)

Answer 23

smallest formed elements lack nucleus 
are fragments of megakaryocytes
is mostly a mass of blood clots
release serotonin to vasoconstrict and reduce blood flow to clot area
survive 5-9 days