Temperature and Metabolic Rate

Question 1

Give an example of an allometric relationship.

Answer 1

You are 6 feet tall and your cousin is 3 feet tall. Your cousin swings jumps off and lands fine. You swing jump off and break you hip arm wrist etc. There is an allometric relationship between body size and support. Even through you are only double his weight you produce a force that is 70 times that because of the law of allometry.

Question 2

What is temperature?

Answer 2

measure of heat

Question 3

What is heat?

Answer 3

index of molecular motion

Question 4

How do humans perceive temperature?

Answer 4

It is a strict dichotomy either as too cold or too hot. Anything in between we don’t notice temperature

Question 5

What is practiced more endothermy or ectothermy?

Answer 5

ectothermy

Question 6

What is the Arrhenius principle?

Answer 6

The effects of heat on chemical reactions.

Question 7

In biological systems the chemical reactions are largely mediated by enzymes. What is the effect of heat on enzyme systems?

Answer 7

Q10 equations on whole enzyme systems… for every 10 degree increase in temperature what is the effect on the metabolic rate and mechanisms

Question 8

Who came up with the Q10 equation?

Answer 8

Van’t Hoffs

Question 9

What are warm blooded and clod blooded animals?

Answer 9

Largely unscientific terms.
no reliable information source or consistency of body temperature.
Also assumes every animal has blood which is not true

Question 10

What is homeothermic?

Answer 10

Term of consistency. Homeo same—> same temperature.

Question 11

What is heretothermic or poikilothermic?

Answer 11

Term of consistency. Different temperature

Question 12

Homeothermy and heretothermy were terms crested early when the specific of animal body temperature were not well understood. WHat are some animals that don’t fall directly into theses categories?

Answer 12

The ice fish who maintain their entire life under a sheet of ice. The have an internal body temp about the same as ice but maintain it that temperature. Also prairie dogs who have a normal body temperature of about 37 degrees C in the summer but in the winter they go into burrows and allow their body temperature to drop with the environment temperature.

Question 13

What two terms correspond to the origin of body temperature?

Answer 13

ectothermy and endothermy

Question 14

What is the difference between ectothermy and endothermy?

Answer 14

Ectotherms get their body temperature from outside their body the environment and endotherms get their body temperature from inside their body.

Question 15

Most fish are _____ ectotherms.

Answer 15

ideal

they have no choice but to take the temp of their environment lose heat through gills

Question 16

What is the lower critical temperature in endotherms?

Answer 16

point at which you lose heat faster than you can produce it

Question 17

At the _____ critical temperature endotherms have _____ insulative abilities.

Answer 17

low, maximized

upper, minimized

Question 18

How do endotherms maintain body temperature when its cold outside?

Answer 18

insulation fat fur or feathers

Question 19

After the lower critical temperature and the ambient temperature continues to drop what does an endotherm do to stay warm or attempt to stay warm?

Answer 19

Increase their metabolic rate aka heat production

Question 20

How is efficient is evaporative cooling?

Answer 20

Hugely efficient. One gram of water cools one pound of tissue by 1 degree C

Question 21

What is in between the lower critical temperature and the upper critical temperature?

Answer 21

Thermal neutral zone where endotherms do not notice temperature.

Question 22

Endotherms have a _____ internal body temperature and can tolerate a ______ range if habitats.

Answer 22

stable, wide

Question 23

Ectotherms have a ______ range of temperature and can tolerate a ____ range of habitats.

Answer 23

varied, narrow

Question 24

In the thermal neutral zone what types of adaptations are made to be in a more comfortable environment?

Answer 24

Behavioral Adaptations. For example, when you walk outside and it really cold you hunker down and put hands in the pockets and tuck head in to protect large veins. For example, when its hot you stretch out and cool yourself.

Question 25

Do humans have the opportunity to change our thermal neutral zone?

Answer 25

No but a lot of animals can. In the winter the thermal neutral zone will slide to the left and in the summer is will slide to the right. For example, our cats and dogs will begin to shed when the temperatures get warmer they put on a dense coat of under fu in the winter to remain warm-hormonal change by endocrine system and day length change.

Question 26

Based on q10 what is the relationship for an endotherm and an ectotherm in a linear graph?

Answer 26

ectotherm would be a positive slope-increasing line

endotherm would be 0 slope bc they have a stable metabolic rate and a flat constant line

Question 27

What is van’t hoffs rule?

Answer 27

for every 10 degree increase the metabolic rate will double

Question 28

How is it you have the dominate life forms following ectothermic temperature control when it sees ridiculously unattainable?

Answer 28

The don’t always follow van hoffs rule and the Q10 equation sometime they compensate for the environment.

Question 29

Hoe do ectotherms mitigate the effects of van’t hoofs rule in regard to temperature seasonal changes in their environment?

Answer 29

They rebuild their physiology one cell one pathway at a time to operate efficiently at differing temperatures. They have enzymes that function at different temperature better suited for that season. The membranes are modified so the viscosity are better suited. For example if you wanted to change a building to be better suited for the winter you would take out one brick and replace it with better suited one and then take out another brick and replace that too with a better suited one until all the bricks in the building have been replaced.

Question 30

If an ectotherm can rebuild its entire physiology to be better suited for a different temperature completely following van’t hoffs rule what is this effect called and what Precth curve is this called?

Answer 30

Acute Effect and Precth Curve 4

Question 31

What is complete compensation?

Answer 31

Precth Curve 2 Even with an increase in temperature the organism keeps the same metabolic rate. There are only a few complete compensators.

Question 32

What is partial compensation?

Answer 32

Precth Curve 3 Somewhere in between the acute effect and complete compensation. It is a compromise you reduce some of the energy demands so you save some energy and it normally happens around summer where there is more food available so not that big of a deal. More common method

Question 33

What is overcompensation?

Answer 33

Precth Curve 1. The temperature increases to a point where you don’t want to deal with it anymore so you overcompensate and lower your metabolic rate. Happens in few number of animals.

Question 34

What is the resting state that animals go into when temperatures get too high called? And what Pretch curve and concept of compensation is it in ectotherms?

Answer 34

Estivation.
Precth Curve 1
Overcompensation

Question 35

What is an example of an overcompensatory?

Answer 35

Lung fish

desert insect and desert amphibians

Question 36

What is reverse effect in ectotherms?

Answer 36

Precth Curve 5. Increase metabolic rate when temperatures get hot. It actually lowers the metabolic rate for animals during cold times of the year called brummation.

Question 37

What does brummation?

Answer 37

When animals enter a resting state to deal with cold temperatures. Precth curve 5 reverse effect.

Question 38

On the Kleiber’s law graph the slope of the unicellular organism, poikilotherms, and the endotherms did not change what did change?

Answer 38

The position of the lines changes quantified by the y-intercept. The distance between each was one order of magnitude a factor of 10

Question 39

What does the graph with kleiber’s law explain to us about ectotherms and endotherms?

Answer 39

ecotherms tolerate a very wide range of internal body temperature but a very narrow range of habitat

endotherms tolerate a narrow range of internal body temperatures but a very wide range of habitat

Question 40

What are the biokinetic limits of life?

Answer 40

Limits of life change with the group you are talking about. more integrative tolerate less extremes

Question 41

What are the three main groups of the effects of extreme temperature on animal systems?

Answer 41

1. cell damage-
2. equilibrium imbalances
3. loss of enzymatic control

Question 42

With extremely cold or hot temperatures what happens to cells?

Answer 42

with freezing temperature ice crystals will form in the cells and destroy them. with extreme heat thermal coagulation will occur like frying an egg change protein conformation denature proteins

most things drop dead before ice crystal formation or thermal coagulation temperatures

Question 43

What will extreme heat and cold so to equilibrium imbalances?

Answer 43

heat: lipid turn from solid to liquid viscosity become watery allow more stuff to come in
cold: cool down lipids turn from liquid to solid membrane viscosity become more solid stuff cant move across

Question 44

what will extreme heat and cold do to enzymatic control?

Answer 44

heat: critical enzymes that has an important process reaches point no longer can happen but we have ways to deal with that

multiple enzymes fail

cold: slow down rates too much that you can move across water and ventilate enough