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Comparative Exam 2 > Metabolism and Movement > Flashcards

Metabolism and Movement Flashcards

1
Q

What is metabolism?

A

use of chemical energy for maintenance growth and reproduction

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2
Q

What is chemical energy used for?

A

maintenance growth and reproduction

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3
Q

What is catabolism?

A

Breakdown of molecules from complex to simple compounds and this breakdown releases heat

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4
Q

What are anabolic reactions?

A

Take simple compounds and build more complex compounds. Very difficult to measure the metabolic cost.

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5
Q

Why is it difficult to measure anabolic reactions?

A

The methods used to measure the metabolic cost of anabolic reactions is often very destructive, you have to take pieces out of the animal in order to analyze the energy put into the chemical bonds

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6
Q

How do you measure catabolism?

A

heat

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7
Q

How do you directly measure metabolic rate?

A

Heat bc eventually all energy released as heat

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8
Q

WHy are metabolic measurements useful to physiologists?

A

Alot of things you can do if you can measure metabolism. For example:

  1. Calculate total energy requirements-how much does it cost for you to get through a day
  2. Provide info on heat conservation and heat dissipation- homeotherms important to maintain constant internal temp..
  3. Energy cost with specific movements-what does it cost to get up from chair and run to next class
  4. Entire budget for animal- what they take in put out and store
  5. effects of environment on animal-what happens if take homeotherm and stick it in really cold environment
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9
Q

What are the factors influencing metabolic rates?

A
  1. number and intensity of activity-locomotive or movement or things at cellular level electrical activity and bioluminescent
  2. Biological-biological rhythms, seasonal, age, gender, size, stress, pregnancy
  3. environmental-pressures, salinity, pH, oxygen levels, temperature
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10
Q

What is the basal metabolic rate (BMR)?

A

metabolic rate of resting not sleeping, fasting not starving mammals and birds under minimal physiological and environmental stress.

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11
Q

What is standard metabolic rate (SMR)?

A

resting and fasting metabolism of poikilotherms under minimal physiological and environmental stress at any given temperature

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12
Q

What organisms is the basal metabolic rate a measurement for?

A

endothermic animals with a constant body temeprature

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13
Q

What organisms is the standard metabolic rate a measurement for?

A

poikilothermic animals with a variable body temperature and have to standardize environmental temperature

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14
Q

WHy fasting when measuring metabolic rate?

A

Because of specific dynamic action which is basically the heat of digestion but not after the process of eating has occurred but before. The thought and anticipation of food can jack the metabolic rate up 15-20%

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15
Q

Why are BMR and SMR not the very best accurate conditions?

A

They are measured under unnatural conditions that are greatly different from an animal’s normal state and do not include activity.

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16
Q

What is routine active metabolic rate?

A

average metabolic rate of a normally active animal that is they are resting but get up time to time and move around

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17
Q

What is maximum sustained metabolic rate (MSMR)?

A

Metabolic rate at sustained vigorous activity more consistent of the measurements

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18
Q

What is Metabolic factorial scope or index of metabolic expansibility?

A

Ratio of MSMR to BMR or SMR- how many fold can you increase you basal metabolic rate? for example we can do five or six times and sustain it

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19
Q

How do you measure MSMR of animals?

A

Put screen behind animal with electric shock so animal runs faster and same with swim tunnel. Birds fly in wind tunnel bc get hit and break bones.

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20
Q

WHat is the normal metabolic factorial scope for most animals?

A

between 8-25

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21
Q

What is the metabolic factorial scope for flighted insects and what does this tells you?

A

> 100 and this tells us that flight is very expensive

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22
Q

Why don’t we see as high a metabolic factorial scope in birds than insects?

A

Birds are aerodynamic well designed for flight they evolutionary history increase power reduce weight. Insects are aerodynamic disasters and have an enormous energetic expenditure.

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23
Q

What four ways can the metabolic rate of organisms be measured?

A
  1. mass balance equations
  2. direct calorimetry
  3. indirect calorimetry
  4. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)
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24
Q

What is ballistic bomb calorimetry used for?

A

Specifically trying to create an energy budget: Model the entire energy usage of an animal by looking at how many calories it takes in, how many cal it spends to build total body mass, and of the total body mass how much was somatic and how much was reproductive growth.

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25
Q

What is the main advantage of ballistic bomb calorimetry?

A

It can measure anabolic metabolism.

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26
Q

How does the ballistic bomb calorimetry system work?

A

Simple system in which you first dry the sample of whatever you want to test. Put it in the ballistic bomb calorimeter. Flood the sample with pure oxygen two or three times. Then ignite the sample. When it is ignited it is explosive. The result is measure of the heat given off. The heat is a direct assessment of the energy it took to build the tissues. Measure calories/energy DIRECTLY.

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27
Q

What are the drawbacks of the ballistic bomb calorimetry?

A
  1. Technically cumbersome- ballistic bomb calormeter is expensive and not readily available
  2. Cant be used for growing animals bc they are in the process of breaking things down and adding things up so do not get stable data so use adult animals
  3. Does not take into account other things inside the animal besides the animal tissue such as bacteria
  4. One time sample-do not get multiple tries form the same animal
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28
Q

What does ballistic bomb calorimetry measure?

A

DIrect measure of calories

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29
Q

WHat is a calorie?

A

unit of heat needed to raise 1 gram of water from 14.5 degrees C to 15.5 degrees C

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30
Q

What is direct calorimetry based off of?

A

Hess’s law which states that the heat released through breakdown of a fuel to a given set of end products is constant irrespective of the intermediate chemical steps or pathways used… basically that doesn’t matter how the energy goes into the system it all comes out as heat

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31
Q

What does direct calorimetry measure?

A

directly measures heat production which in turn is a direct measure of metabolism

32
Q

How was the first experiment using direct calorimetry performed by Lavoisier conducted?

A

Took an insulated jacket and put a container on the inside. In between the insulation of the jacket and the outside of the container inside the jacket that space was packed with ice. Took the experimental animal mouse in this case stick it inside the container. On the bottom of the container was a tube that drained into a beaker. As the mouse released heat the ice melted and dripped out as water. It takes 80 calories to change ice to water. Weight the water in beaker times by 80 and it tells you how many calories used by the mouse in the time period.

33
Q

What method of measuring metabolic rates do we most often use?

A

Indirect calorimetry

34
Q

WHat are the disadvantages of direct calorimetry?

A
  1. Maintain temp inside calorimeter. The mouse has a body temperature of about 37 degrees C and the experiment put the mouse in a bucket of water…is not happy so you have to keep the air inside the calorimeter warm for the test subject.

2 Maintain air flow through calorimeter. The animal inside is also breathing so you have to run air through so it doesn’t use up all the oxygen in the container

This a DYNAMIC system and the math gets pretty difficult after a while.

35
Q

What does indirect calorimetry measure?

A

The rate of oxygen consumption.

36
Q

What are the different method systems to use as indirect calorimetry measure?

A
  1. manometric respirometry
  2. flow-through respirometry
  3. sealed jar respirometry
37
Q

Can you do respirometry studies on plants?

A

Yes it is more difficult than animals because of photosynthesis but it is done

38
Q

What is the advantages of manometric respirometry?

A

SImple system. Requires no power. It is a really good system for field studies.

39
Q

WHat is the disadvantage of manometric respirometry?

A

Hugely sensitive to leaks!

40
Q

What is the set-up of the manometric respirometry?

A
  1. Constant temp water bath
  2. 2 flasks: respirometer(measurement) flask and the reference flask
  3. manometer tube in between the two flasks with manometer fluid that measure the differences in pressure
  4. In flask with animal piece of paper with sodium hydroxide and or potassium hydroxide
41
Q

How does the manometric respirometry system work?

A

Put the animal in the measurement/respirometer flask. As the animal breathes it uptakes oxygen and excretes CO2 and the CO2 is picked up by the sodium hydroxide and or potassium hydroxide. The animal is pulling gas out of the sealed container and the container volume remains constant. Volume stays the same in the chamber as the animal pulls out gas, the temperature stays the same, the pressure changes. The partial pressure in the respirometer flask is lower bc the animal is using the oxygen so the manometer fluid moves towards the respirometer flask. To determine the amount of oxygen picked up a syringe is set up and push it down to bring manometer fluid back where it started and the amount of micro-liters it took to do that is the oxygen consumption.

42
Q

How much oxygen is in air?

A

20.8%

43
Q

What is flow-through respirometry?

A

Measure the oxygen consumption of water based animals. There is a reservoir of oxygenated water, a jar that contains the test animal, and a water inflow tube and outflow tube. The difference in the oxygen content of the water going into the system and the oxygen content of the water coming out of the system multiplied by the flow rate is the oxygen consumption of the animal.

44
Q

What are the advantages of flow through respirometry?

A

Simple set up.
Easy math calculations to determine the oxygen consumption.
Can run the system for a long time.

45
Q

WHat are the disadvantages of flow through respirometry?

A

It is not good for short term changes(like the animal getting up and being active will change the oxygen consumption) so this system is best used over long period of time where many measurements can be made and the averages of the measurements are taken.

46
Q

Could you use flow through respirometry for a air breather? How and is it common?

A

Yes. You would need to use a mask of some type so you do not see the mixing of air. And you would also have to account for the co2 buildup in air and mathematically account for it as well. Not commonly used for air breathers.

47
Q

How does sealed jar respirometry work?

A

Know the volume inside the jar and know the amount of oxygen inside the jar. Then you can calculate the amount of oxygen inside the jar. Put the animal inside the jar and seal it and start the stop watch for a set period of time. Then you stope take the sealed top off and measure the oxygen inside the jar. You know the amount of oxygen started and the final oxygen content and subtract the two and divide by the time and that is the oxygen uptake.

48
Q

What are the advantages of sealed jar respirometry?

A

Simple.
Works well for field studies
Does not require a lot of expensive equipment.

49
Q

What are the disadvantages of seal jar respirometry?

A

When you place the fish in the jar the fish excretes other chemicals such as ammonia that can become toxic to the fish and it also changes the fish’s environment. Also when opening and closing the jar you can contaminate the system and this gives potential for error in measurements.

50
Q

What is intermittent respirometry?

A

Hybrid system that combines flow through and seal jar respirometry.

51
Q

How does intermittent respirometry work?

A

There is an oxygen sensor inside the system. Allow the oxygen to drop to a certain level and then flush the system essentially adding new oxygenated water so the oxygen level comes back up and you take a measurement. Repeat flushes and measurements. Take the average of measurements.

52
Q

WHat are the advantages of intermittent respirometry?

A

Very Quick

Lots of measurements

53
Q

What is the disadvantages of intermittent respirometry?

A

Toxins, Co2, and bad water quality that builds up.

54
Q

Can intermittent respirometry be used for air breathers?

A

Yes! he did a pulmonary skin one

55
Q

What is indirect respirometry measurement experiments sensitive to?

A

Normal variability in animal metabolism and the the mistakes experimenters make

56
Q

What is nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)? What is the advantages and disadvantages?

A

Seldom used in biology but used a lot in chemistry.
Can directly see the bonds made and broken
The equipment is large expensive and cumbersome.

57
Q

What is the most accurate method of measuring metabolic rates?

A

direct calorimetry bc it is not separated by the degree of freedom you have in indirect calorimetry

58
Q

How do you reconcile the measurements of indirect calorimetry and direct calorimetry… oxygen uptake and heat production?

A

Isocaloric values

59
Q

What are the three main macromolecules that are sources of fuel?

A

carbohydrates fat and proteins

60
Q

Why is it in the isocaloric table protein is listed twice?

A

Protein can be broken down and excreted in different forms either ammonia, urea, or uric acid and depending on how you break that down determines how much energy you are able to get out of it. For example it cost more energy to convert ammonia to urea and store it but it is less toxic. And it takes a lot more enery to convert urea to uric acid but it is even less toxic.

61
Q

From the food sources of energy what gives the most kcal/gram?

A

Fats

62
Q

Why do fats store more energy per gram than any other macromolecule?

A

Terrestrial animals store fat because of the effects of gravity. So fats store more than twice the mount of energy at less than half the weight. Get a lot of energy with minimal storage area.

63
Q

How do animals in water that do not show the have to deal with the effects of gravity store fats?

A

They are low in fat but high in carbohydrates because they tend to store carbohydrates.

64
Q

What carbohydrates do humans store?

A

We store 4-5lbs glycogen in liver

65
Q

What is the link between heat production and oxygen consumption?

A

In the isocaloric table the amount of oxygen it takes to burn 1 gram of each food substance

66
Q

How do you get the isocaloric value?

A

Take the amount of energy kcal it takes to burn one gram of the food substance and divide it by the amount of oxygen needed to burn the food substance and you get the isocaloric value in kcal per liter of oxygen

67
Q

What does the isocaloric value of the table allow us to do?

A

If you measure the oxygen consumption and you know what types of food the animal eats you can multiple the oxygen consumption by the isocaloric value and you can determine the amount of energy in kcal the animal used per whatever time.

68
Q

What if you have an animal and you don’t know what the animal eats what do you use as the isocaloric value?

A

There is a homogenized number that is a shortcut 4.8kcal per L O2

69
Q

Using 4.8 as the isocaloric value what is the largest error you could get?

A

6% error

70
Q

What was the most important evolutionary driving force from water to land?

A

Abundance of oxygen in the atmosphere

71
Q

Hw much more concentrated is oxygen in the air than water?

A

20 times more concentrated

72
Q

Why is the abundance of oxygen so important?

A

With oxygen an animal can perform aerobic respiration which can generate a lot more ATP for cellular growth and maintenance than anaerobic respiration

73
Q

WHat is the difference between how terrestrial animals and aquatic animals notice the abundance of oxygen in the environment?

A

Terrestrial animals do not notice the amount of oxygen in the air. It is relatively abundant and if the amount of oxygen began to decrease we wouldn’t know until it got so low we pass out. Our respiration and metabolism does not change due to changes in oxygen abundance.

Aquatic animals can sense the amount of oxygen in the water as the amount of oxygen in the water is innately low as it is. Also water oxygen contents change and they must be able to recognize that.

74
Q

How does the amount of oxygen in the water fluctuate?

A

Depending on the area freshwater contains more oxygen than saltwater. Also the temperature warming water contains less oxygen than colder water. Also in areas with a lot of vegetation such as sea grass the amount of oxygen can be high but as soon as the sun goes down and the light is gone the oxygen content drops significantly.

75
Q

What are the two different ways in which animals attempt to deal with a decrease changes in the oxygen content in water?

A
  1. oxygen conformer-conform to the conditions around you as the amount of dissolved oxygen in the water drops the organisms allows it metabolic rate to drop as well-turn off certain organs etc..
  2. Oxygen regulators-will attempt to regulate the oxygen content and keep it high even though the oxygen content in the water their in is falling

Comparative Exam 2 (5 decks)

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