Temp Lobe Org and Function Flashcards
What are the two components of the lateral surface of the temporal regions?
1) Auditory areas (Superior temporal gyrus (Broadmann’s areas 41, 42, 22))
2) Ventral stream of visual information (Middle and inferior temporal gyri (areas 20, 21, 37, 38))
What are the subcortical temporal lobe structures?
Limbic cortex
Amygdala
Hippocampal formation
What is/ what is the purpose of the insula?
Area under Sylvian fissure
Contains the gustatory cortex and auditory association cortex
What is/ what is the purpose of the temporal-parietal junction (TPJ)?
Cortical region lying along the boundary of temporal and parietal lobes
Central to decision-making in a social context
There are five distinct cortical-cortical connections. What is the purpose of the Hierarchical Sensory Pathway?
Stimulus Recognition
There are five distinct cortical-cortical connections. What is the purpose of the Dorsal Auditory Pathway?
Directing movements with response to auditory information
There are five distinct cortical-cortical connections. What is the purpose of the Polymodal Pathway?
Stimulus categorization
There are five distinct cortical-cortical connections. What is the purpose of the Medial Temporal Projection?
Crucial to long-term memory
There are five distinct cortical-cortical connections. What is the purpose of the Frontal Lobe Projection?
Movement control, short-term memory, affect
The original model of the ventral stream portrayed it as a hierarchical pathway from the occipital cortex to the temporal lobe. What does the modified model suggest?
At least 6 cortical and subcortical pathways comprise the stream
What are the three basic sensory functions of the temporal lobe?
1) Processing auditory input
2) Visual object recognition
3) Long-term storage of sensory input- memory
Which temporal lobe (left or right) has a more important role in facial processing?
Right temporal lobe
Which temporal lobe (left or right) plays a major role in temporal grouping for rhythm?
Left temporal lobe
Which temporal lobe (left or right) plays a major role in extracting pitch from sound?
Right temporal lobe
With regard to the asymmetry of temporal lobe function, what are some primary functions of the LEFT temporal lobe?
Verbal memory
Speech/word processing
With regard to the asymmetry of temporal lobe function, what are some primary functions of the RIGHT temporal lobe?
Nonverbal memory
Musical/ prosody processing
Facial processing
Grammar processing
Verbal hallucinations activate the _____ ______ cortex, _____’s area, and the ______ ______ in the ______ temporal cortex
Verbal hallucinations activate the primary auditory cortex, Broca’s area, and the speech zone in the posterior temporal cortex
What is cortical deafness?
Bilateral damage to the auditory cortex
Absence of neural activity in the auditory regions
What is/ are some characteristics of “temporal lobe personality”?
Associated with right temporal lobectomy
overemphasizes trivial and petty aspects of life
pedantic speech
egocentricity
perseveration in discussing personal problems
paranoia
preoccupation with religion
proneness to aggression
Anterograde Amnesia versus Retrograde Amnesia
Anterograde: inability to acquire new memories
Retrograde: inability to access old memories
Explicit memory
Events, facts, and episodic (autobiographical) memories
Conscious intentional remembering
“Top-down” processing
What is the unique anatomical component associated with emotional memory?
The amgydala. Damage to it disrupts emotional memory, but not implicit or explicit memory
Implicit memory
Unconscious memory
Includes procedural memory and emotional conditioning
Damage from Herpes Simplex Encephalitis in the _________ can lead to ________ amnesia. Damage from Herpes Simplex Encephalitis to the _________ can lead to ________ amnesia.
medial temporal lobe –> anterograde
insula –> retrograde
Progression of Alzheimer’s Disease
Begins with cellular change in medial temporal cortex and anterograde amnesia
Later, damage to temporal association and frontal cortical areas is related to retrograde amnesia and semantic loss
Korsakoff’s Syndrome
Caused by thiamine (vitamin b1) deficiency
Damage may be in medial thalamus, mammillary bodies of hypothalamus, and frontal lobe atrophy
Characterized by: anterograde and retrograde amnesia confabulation meager content in conversation lack of insight apathy
What are the four core language skills?
- Categorization (designates certain qualities to specific concepts)
- Labeling categories (attaches words to different concepts)
- Sequencing behavior (order vocal movements used in speech, also sequence face, body, and arm/hand movements used to produce nonverbal language)
- Mimicry (fosters language development)
Continuity Theory versus Discontinuity Theory for the origin of language
Continuity Theory: language evolved gradually
Discontinuity Theory: language evolved rapidly and appeared suddenly
Aphasia
Language disorder in speech, in writing, or in reading
does NOT include disorders resulting from loss of sensory input/ motor paralysis
Fluent versus Non Fluent Aphasia
Fluent:
impairment in input or reception of language
(e.g. Wernicke’s, Transcortical Sensory Aphasia, Conduction Aphasia, Anomic Aphasia)
Non-Fluent:
poor/ laborious speech
(e.g. Broca’s, Transcortical Motor Aphasia, Global Aphasias)
Pure Aphasias
Alexia (inability to read)
Agraphia (inability to write)
Word deafness (Cannot hear or repeat words)
What is the role of the basal ganglia in language?
Important for motor aspects of speech
What is the role of the thalamus in language?
Influences language through connections with cortex
Damage is associated with variety of speech and language disturbances
