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Neuroanatomy > Telencephalon and Diencephalon > Flashcards

Telencephalon and Diencephalon Flashcards

1
Q

describe the folding of the neural tube

A
  • prosencephalon (forebrain)
  • mesencephalon (midbrain)
  • rhombencephalon (hindbrain)
  • developed from the back forward
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2
Q

what are the derivatives of the prosencephalon?

A

forebrain

  • telencephalon: cerebral hemispheres, surrounds the lateral ventricles
  • diencephalon: epithalamus (pineal), thalamus, hypothalamus, optic cup/nerves, surrounds the 3rd ventricle
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3
Q

describe the ventricles of the brain

A
  • R and L lateral ventricles, third ventricle, fourth ventricle
  • connected by foramina
  • filled with CSF, contains choroid plexus (produces CSF, is located in every ventricle)
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4
Q

describe ventricle development and association to key brain regions

A
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5
Q

what is CSF?

A
  • continuously produced in the ventricles
  • high in sodium, low in potassium (these create chemical gradients)
  • no protein (the presence of protein is usually indicative that there is a problem)
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6
Q

what are the 3 main purposes of CSF?

A
  • buoyancy
  • protection (positive pressure, cushion)
  • chemical stability (high sodium, nutrients, etc.)
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7
Q

describe the volume of CSF

A
  • total adult volume is ~100-150ml
  • replaced about 4 times each day (~500ml daily)
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8
Q

describe the flow of CSF

A
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9
Q

what are meninges?

A
  • a system of membranes which envelops the centeral nervous system
  • 3 layers - dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater
  • protect organs from rubbing against bones of the skull and spine
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10
Q

describe the meningeal layers

A

dura mater - dura

leptomeninges (layers and a space):

  • arachnoid - a barrier
  • subarachnoid space - CSF
  • pia - vessels run in this layer and penetrate the cortex
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11
Q

what is obstructive hydrocephalus?

A
  • obstruction of the CSF flow that causes buildup of CSF in ventricles
  • can be reversed with the use of a splint
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12
Q

which two main arteries supply blood to the brain?

A
  • internal carotid artery
  • vertebral arteries
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13
Q

name the branches of the internal carotid artery and vertebral arteries that supply the brain

A
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14
Q

describe vertebrobasilar and carotid circulation

A
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15
Q

find the posterior cerebral a., basilar a., internal carotid a., anterior spinal a., and vertebral a.

A
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16
Q

which arteries supply each colored area of this brain?

A
  • yellow - anterior cerebral artery
  • red - middle cerebral artery
  • blue - posterior cerebral artery
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17
Q

what is the blood brain barrier?

A
  • composed of high-density cells connected by tight junction that restrict passage of substances from the bloodstream
  • it allows diffusion of small hydrophobic molecules (O2, CO2, hormones)
  • cells actively transport metabolic products such as glucose across the barrier with specific proteins
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18
Q

describe characteristics of an epidural hematoma

A
  • between skull and dura mater
  • dura peels off skull, space fills with arterial blood
  • compresses brain
  • usually a result of a skull fracture and torn middle meningial artery
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19
Q

describe characteristics of a subdural hematoma

A
  • occurs below the dura mater in the subdural space
  • dura still attached to skull
  • venous blood fills subdural space and compresses brain
  • result of a torn bridging cerebral vein
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20
Q

what is a subarachnoid hemorrhage?

A
  • commonly occur as a result of rupture of an a. in the circle of willis
  • between arachnoid mater and pia mater; subarachnoid space
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21
Q

what is the telencephalon? what are its 4 main divisions?

A
  • cerebral cortex
  • frontal lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobe, occipital lobe
22
Q

what 2 structures are inside the telencephalon?

A

basal ganglia and limbic system

23
Q

what are Brodmann’s areas?

A

regions of the cerebral cortex that are defined by a number

24
Q

what is a commissure?

A

reciprocal connections

25
Q

what is a chiasma?

A

crossing and/or intersection of two tracts

26
Q

what is decussation?

A

cross-over of independent tracts at the same site (form an X)

27
Q

what are “crossing fibers”?

A

ill-defined fibers whose principal direction may not be defined

28
Q

what is a fascicle?

A

a bundle

29
Q

what is a fasciculus?

A

a bundle of fibers

30
Q

describe the diencephalon

A
  • surrounds the third ventricle
  • major divisions: epithalamus, thalamus, hypothalamus, “sub thalamus”
31
Q

describe the epithalamus

A
  • pineal (serotonin/sleep)
  • habenula (negative feedback to reward)
  • posterior commissure - pupillary light reflex
32
Q

describe the thalamus

A
  • major “relay” nuclei
  • on either side of 3rd ventricle
33
Q

describe the hypothalamus

A
  • endocrine/physiological stasis
  • surrounds the anterior portion of the third ventricle
34
Q

label these portions of the hypothalamus

A
35
Q

what are the 4 subregions of the hypothalamus?

A
  • preoptic area
  • suprachiasmotic (anterior) region
  • tuberal (middle) region
  • mammillary (posterior) region
36
Q

what does the hypothalamus control?

A
  • autonomic
  • endocrine
  • emotional
  • somatic
37
Q

describe the basal ganglia

A
  • sits on top of (dorsal to) the diencephalon
  • extrapyramidal motor system
  • modulates the initiation, termination, and amplitude of intentional movements
38
Q

describe the two main components of the modulatory cortical loop

A
  • basal ganglia afferents - robust input from almost all parts of the cortex
  • basal ganglia efferents - ventral thalamic relay to cortex; others - superior colliculus, forebrain, limbic
  • somatic motor loop: somatomotor control; occulomotor loop (eye movements), frontal loop (cognitive functions), and limbic loop (emotional and visceral functions
39
Q

what are the 5 major nuclei of the basal ganglia?

A
  • caudate nucleus
  • putamen
  • globus pallidus
  • subthalamic nucleus
  • substantia nigra
40
Q

what forms the striatum?

A

the caudate and the putamen

41
Q

what forms the lentiform nucleus?

A

putamen and globus pallidus

42
Q

what are the two subdivisions of the substantia nigra?

A
  • pars compacta
  • pars reticulata
43
Q

describe the blood supply to the basal ganglia

A
  • branches of the anterior and middle cerebral artery (remember these come from the internal carotid artery)
44
Q

what is hyperkinesia?

A

excessive abnormal movements, often with increasing dementia

example: Huntington’s disease

  • chorea
  • hemiballism
45
Q

describe Huntington’s disease

A
  • type of hyperkinesia
  • cause: genetic
  • loss of striatal projection neurons
  • anatomy: striatal atrophy

atrophy of putamen: chorea
atrophy of caudate: dementia

46
Q

what is chorea?

A

involuntary, quick, jerky, irregular movements:

  • major chorea
  • minor chorea (Sydenham’s chorea): associated with rheumatic fever
47
Q

what is hemiballism?

A
  • repetitive, but constantly varying, large amplitude involuntary movements of the proximal parts of the limbs
  • decrease activity of the subthalamic nucleus
48
Q

describe hypokinesia

A

overall decreased bodily movements

example: Parkinson’s disease

49
Q

describe Parkinson’s disease

A
  • hypokinesia
  • cause: genetic/environmental/idiopathic
    loss of substantia nigra dopamanergic projection neurons to the striatum
  • symptoms: bradykinesia, rigidity, tremor at rest
50
Q

what is the circuit of Papez?

A

part of the limbic system

51
Q

what is wernicke-korsakoff syndrome?

A
  • limbic amnesia
  • cause: vit B1 deficiency and alcoholism
  • site: mammillo-thalamic tract disruption (no damage to hippocampus)
  • symptoms:
    inability to form new memories
    loss of memory, can be severe
    hallucinations
    confabulation (make up stories)
52
Q

describe alzheimer’s disease

A
  • limbic amnesia
  • bilateral medial temporal lobe damage
  • common hippocampal deficits:
    amnestic/inability to form new memory
    reduced motivation
    troubles navigating familiar places
    general cognitive impairment (often mild)

Neuroanatomy (3 decks)

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