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Neuroanatomy > Brainstem > Flashcards

Brainstem Flashcards

1
Q

name the 3 main components of the brainstem

A
  • midbrain
  • pons
  • medulla
  • the brainstem transitions to the spinal cord after it exits through the foramen magnum
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2
Q

name 7 landmarks of the midbrain

A
  1. quadrigeminal plate (tectum)
  2. cerebral peduncles
  3. cerebral aqueduct
  4. red nucleus
  5. substantia nigra
  6. CN III
  7. CN IV
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3
Q

what are the two structures that sit on the quadrigeminal plate, and what are their basic functions?

A
  1. superior colliculus - preliminary visual processing
  2. inferior colliculus - auditory processing
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4
Q

describe the cerebral peduncles

A
  • aka crus cerebri
  • relay for cortico-spinal, cortico-pontine, and cortico-bulbar tracts*
  • *tract = collection of axons
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5
Q

describe the cerebral aqueduct

A
  • aka mesencephalic aqueduct; aqueduct of Sylvius
  • contains CSF
  • connects 3rd and 4th ventricles
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6
Q

describe the red nucleus

A
  • involved in motor coordination
  • extrapyramidal system
  • nucleus = collection of cell bodies in the central nervous system
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7
Q

describe substania nigra

A
  • involved in movement and reward (addiction)
  • extrapyramidal system
  • parkinson’s disease
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8
Q

describe CN III

A
  • oculomotor nerve
  • eye movement
  • pupil constriction and lens accommodation
  • pupillary light reflex
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9
Q

describe CN IV

A
  • trochlear nerve
  • clinically test it looking in and down
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10
Q

name the 9 landmarks of the pons

A
  • pons proper
  • middle cerebellar peduncle
  • fourth ventricle
  • basilar artery
  • CN V
  • CN VI
  • CN VII
  • CN VIII
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11
Q

describe the pons proper

A
  • corticospinal tract
  • cerebellar tracts
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12
Q

describe the middle cerebellar peduncle

A
  • largest of the 3 cerebellar peduncles
  • contains fibers that arise from the contralateral pontine nuclei and end in the cerebellum
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13
Q

describe the 4th ventricle

A
  • contains CSF
  • communicates with subarachnoid space via median and lateral apertures
  • connects 3rd and 4th ventricles
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14
Q

describe the basilar artery

A
  • formed by vertebral arteries
  • gives rise to: AICA, pontine aa., superior cerebellar a., and PCA
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15
Q

describe CN V

A
  • trigeminal n.
  • muscles of mastication: jaw jerk reflex
  • sensation from head
  • corneal reflex
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16
Q

describe CN VI

A
  • abducens n.
  • lateral eye movements
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17
Q

describe CN VII

A
  • facial n.
  • muscles of facial expression
  • corneal reflex
  • “closes eye, makes you cry, tastes pie, and innervates all glands in the head except the one it’s inside”
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18
Q

describe CN VIII

A
  • vestibulocochlear n.
  • hearing and balance
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19
Q

name the 9 landmarks of the medulla

A
  • 4th ventricle
  • pyramid
  • olive
  • vertebral arteries
  • CN VIII
  • CN IX
  • CN X
  • CN XI
  • CN XII
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20
Q

describe the pyramid

A
  • decussation of corticospinal tract
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21
Q

describe the olive

A
  • CN XII exits between the pyramid and olive
  • fibers course to the cerebellum
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22
Q

describe vertebral arteries

A
  • PICA
  • forms basilar a.
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23
Q

describe CN VIII

A
  • vestibulocochlear n.
  • vestibular nucleus descends to medulla
24
Q

describe CN IX

A
  • glossopharyngeal nerve
  • gag reflex
  • baroreceptor reflex
25
Q

describe CN X

A
  • vagus n.
  • palatal mm. (symmetrical palatal elevation)
  • pharyngeal mm. (swallowing)
  • laryngeal mm. (swallowing)
26
Q

describe CN XII

A
  • hypoglossal n.
  • tongue deviation to side of lesion (“lick your wounds”)
27
Q

describe the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 6th branchial arches

A
  • 1st: muscles of mastication (CN V)
  • 2nd: muscles of facial expression (CN VII)
  • 3rd: stylopharyngeus (CN IX)
    4th and 6th: palatal, pharyngeal, and laryngeal mm. (CN X)
28
Q

what are branchial motor nuclei?

A

specialized branchail arches form skeletal muscle in the head. therefore, motor nuclei to supply innervation is unique to brainstem

29
Q

what makes up the the otic placode?

A
  • auditory system (hearing)
  • vestibular system (balance)
30
Q

describe hearing and balance nuclei

A

special senses for hearing (cochlear apparatus) and balance (semicircular canals)require sensory nuclei unique to the pons and medulla

31
Q

describe organization of sensory and motor nuclei

A

no matter what additional nuclei are added, the sensory nuclei are lateral to sulcus limitans and motor nuclei are medial

32
Q

T or F:

brainstem nuclei of specific modalities are in different vertical columns

A

false:

they will be in the same vertical columns

33
Q

keeping in mind the vertical arrangement of brainstem nuclei, which CN nuclei are somatic motor?

A
  • CN III
  • CN IV
  • CN VI
  • CN XII
34
Q

keeping in mind the vertical arrangement of brainstem nuclei, which CN nuclei are branchial motor?

A
  • CN V
  • CN VII
  • CN IX
  • CN X
35
Q

keeping in mind the vertical arrangement of brainstem nuclei, which CN nuclei are visceral motor?

A
  • CN III
  • CN VII
  • CN IX
    CN X
36
Q

describe the oculomotor nucleus

A
  • somatic motor
  • innervates levator palpebrae superioris, superior rectus, medial rectus, inferior rectus, inferior oblique mm
37
Q

what would happen to eye movement if the oculomotor nucleus is damaged?

A
  • ptosis - eyelid droops
  • eye deviates to down and out position
38
Q

describe the edinger-westphal nucleus

A
  • part of midbrain
  • visceral motor parasympathetic (CN III) to pupillary constrictor and ciliary muscles
  • axon travels from E-W nucleus, synapses on ciliary ganglion, second order neuron reaches targets
  • causes pupils to constrict
39
Q

what happens if the edinger-westphal nucleus is damaged?

A
  • remember that the E-W nucleus is responsible for constriction of pupil
  • damage causes mydriasis (eye dilates) due to the unopposed action of the dilator pupillae muscle (sympathetic)
40
Q

how do you test the trochlear nerve?

A

well, it’s complicated

41
Q

name the 8 structures involved in the pupillary light reflex

A
  • optic nerve
  • optic chiasma
  • olivary pretectal nucleus
  • Edinger-Westphal nucleus (VM CN III)
  • CN III
  • ciliary ganglion
  • pupil constriction
  • consensual reflex (both sides react)
42
Q

what are the 4 nuclei in the pons?

A
  • trigeminal motor nucleus
  • abducens nucleus
  • superior salivary nucleus
  • facial motor nucleus
43
Q

describe the trigeminal motor nucleus

A
  • branchial motor to muscles of mastication
44
Q

describe the corneal reflex

A
  • consensual reflex
  • sensory: CN V1 to spinal trigeminal nucleus
  • motor: facial nucleus out to the temporal branch of CN VII
  • touch cornea and result should cause both eyes to blink
45
Q

describe the abducens nucleus

A
  • origin of abducens n. (CN VI)
  • innervates lateral rectus m. - abduction of the eye
46
Q

describe the superior salivary nucleus

A
  • visceral motor (parasympathetic) to lacrimal, nasopalatine, submandibular, and sublingual salivary glands (all glands EXCEPT parotid)
47
Q

describe the facial motor nucleus

A
  • innervates facial expression mm.
  • located in rostral pons
  • wraps around abducens nucleus and then exits
  • closes eye, makes you cry, tastes pie, and innervates all the glands except the one it’s inside (parotid)
48
Q

which 4 nuclei are in the medulla?

A
  • hypoglossal nucleus (CN XII)
  • dorsal vagal nucleus
  • inferior salivatory nucleus
  • nucleus ambiguus
49
Q

describe the hypoglossal nucleus

A
  • CN XII
  • somatic motor to tongue mm.
  • gives rise to axon that courses out between pyramid and olive
50
Q

what happens if there is damage to the hypoglossal nucleus or hypoglossal nerve?

A
  • “lick your wound” - tongue will deviate towards the side of the lesion
  • genioglossal m. won’t work
51
Q

describe the dorsal vagal nucleus (aka dorsal motor nucleus)

A
  • CN X
  • visceral motor (parasympathetic) to thoracoabdominal organs:
    heart
    trachea, bronchial tree
    GI tract (esophagus, fore- and midgut)
    accessory GI glands (liver, gallbladder, pancreas)
52
Q

describe the salivatory nucleus

A
  • CN IX
  • visceral motor (parasympathetic) to parotid gland
53
Q

describe what a nucleus, axon, and neuron is

A
  • nucleus - collection of cell bodies
  • axon - collection of nerves
  • neuron - single cell body and axon
54
Q

describe the nucleus ambiguus

A
  • CN IX and CN X
  • branchial motor to palatal, pharyngeal, and laryngeal mm.
55
Q

describe the gag reflex

A
  • sensory (CN IX) - touch the back of the throat
  • motor (CN X via nucleus ambiguus) - pharyngeal and palatal muscles contract

Neuroanatomy (3 decks)

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