Tectonics EQ2 (1.2) Flashcards

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1
Q

how can a natural disaster be quantified ?

A

by the number of deaths and cost of damage or on human terms-over 500 deaths is a natural disaster

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2
Q

what is considered a mega disaster ?

A
  • if the GDP falls by 5% or more
  • over 2000 deaths
  • over 20,000 made homeless
  • over a year of foreign aid dependency
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3
Q

what is the hazard risk equation ?

A

(hazard x vulnerability) /

capacity to cope

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4
Q

what are the 5 types of vulnerability ?

A

physical- when people live in hazard prone areas in buildings that don’t offer protection

economic- when people risk losing their jobs and assets

social- when a household is unable to support the disadvantaged people living in it

knowledge- when people lack education or training

environmental- where the area that people are living in has increased hazard risk due to population pressure forcing them into more risky places

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5
Q

what are the 3 thing that can increase the scale of disaster in the pressure and release (PAR) model ?

A

oot causes e.g poor governance, weak economic system, low resources

dynamic pressure e.g lack of education, urbanisation

unsafe conditions e.g poor infrastructure, poverty

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6
Q

how does the Haiti PAR model look ?

A
root causes :
-heavily in debt
-corruption
-poverty
dynamic pressure:
-lack of urban planning,disaster preparedness, educational systems, 
-rapid urbanisation
-high pop density
unsafe conditions:
-soft soil where the buildings where built
-poor infrastructure
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7
Q

what are the 3 types of impacts of tectonic disaster ?

A

social, economic and environmental

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8
Q

what is used to measure the magnitude of a tectonic hazard ?

A

moment magnitude scale

1= minor happens 1000 times per year, 9= massive one every decade

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9
Q

what is used to measure intensity of earthquakes ?

A

Mercalli scale I-XII

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10
Q

what is used to measure the magnitude of a volcanic eruption ?

A

volcanic explosivity index- sclae of 0-8 and measures eruption height, volume and duration

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11
Q

what is an example of a volcanic hazard in a developed country ?

A

volcanic eruption in iceland- Eyjafjallajokull

  • VEI=4
  • no injuries or deaths
  • major disruption to air travel in Europe causing $1.7 bill damage
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12
Q

what is an example of an earthquake in a developed country ?

A

earthquake in Canterbury new zealand

  • magnitude 7.1
  • focal depth 10km
  • 100 injuries but no deaths
  • building damage due to liquefaction
  • total damage of $40 mill
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13
Q

what is an example of a tsunami in a developed country ?

A

tsunami in Tohoku Japan

  • magnitude 9
  • 16,000 deaths
  • $300 bill in damage
  • 46,000 buildings damaged and 145,000 damaged
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14
Q

how do tectonic hazards compare in developed countries ?

A
  • most deaths caused by tsunamis

- most damage by tsunamis

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15
Q

what is an example of a volcanic hazard in a developing country ?

A

eruption in Nyiragongo DRC

  • VEI= 1
  • 147 deaths
  • 120,000 homeless
  • $1.2 billion in damage
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16
Q

what is an example of an earthquake in a developing country ?

A

earthquake in Gorkha nepal

  • magnitude=7.9
  • 9000 deaths
  • 22000 injured
  • lost$5 mill
17
Q

what is an example of a tsunami in a developing country ?

A

tsunami in indian ocean

  • magnitude= 9.2
  • 230000 deaths and 125000 injured
  • 1.7 mill people displaced among 15 countries
  • $15 bill in economic losses
18
Q

how do the effects of tectonic hazards compare in developing countries ?

A
  • more damage caused by tsunamis
  • more people effected by tsunamis
  • more deaths caused by tsunamis
19
Q

what is a hazard profile ?

A

it is used to compare the impacts of tectonic hazards

20
Q

what characteristics can present the greatest risk ?

A
  • high magnitude
  • low frequency as hard to predict
  • rapid onset events with low spatial predictability
21
Q

why was the Kashmir earthquake so destructive ?

A
  • frequency:the last major earthquake there was 1905 so there was no living experiance of previous disasters
  • spatial predictability:this is a seismic area and so people should have been educated about the dangers of earthquakes
22
Q

how does HDI relate with death tolls ?

A

the lower the HDI the greater the death tolls

23
Q

what countries are most at risk to hazards ?

A

LEDC’s because they are less developed and therefore more vulnerable. Also islands as they are more exposed and more isolated.

24
Q

what are some factors to do with development that increase and decrease risk ?

A

increase:

  • population growth and density
  • ageing population
  • urbanisation

decrease:

  • emergency responses
  • economic wealth
  • hazard engineering
25
Q

how does governance effect the vulnerability of a country ?

A
  • planning of land use to prevent building in high risk areas
  • environmental management
  • corruption
  • preparedness through awareness and education
26
Q

what are some geographical factors of hazards ?

A
  • population density
  • degree of urbanisation
  • isolation and accessibility in rural areas
27
Q

why are developed countries with good governance less susceptible to disasters ?

A
  • they have more advanced insurance
  • more preparations and emergency procedures
  • monitoring of volcanoes
  • local planning systems for building