TECTONICS:EQ1

Question 1

Earthquake

Answer 1

The shaking or vibration of the tectonic plates

Question 2

Intra-plate earthquakes

Answer 2

Earthquakes that occur inside plates due to stresses in the crust

Question 3

Constructive plate boundaries

Answer 3

plates move away from eachother at different speeds building pressure until plates crack. ,<>

Question 4

At Destructive plate boundaries

Answer 4

also conergent movemnt . Subduction occurs here one plate is forced underneath the other gets srtuck due to friction . >_

Question 5

Asthenosphere

Answer 5

The upper mantle layer of the earth . semi-molten

Question 6

Lithosphere

Answer 6

The upper crust of the earth . thickness=100km

Question 7

Wadati-benioff zone

Answer 7

a region of the subducting plate .affected by the pressure and friction mostly at destructive plate boundaries

Question 8

Slab pull

Answer 8

The force contributing to the movemrnt of tectonic plates

Question 9

Paleomagnetism

Answer 9

alternating change in poles of the earth every 400,000 years

Question 10

Pyroclastic flows

Answer 10

A mixture of gases and rock fragments released at high temperatures travelling at rapid speeds

Question 11

Oceanic crust

Answer 11

Crust usually thinner forms the seafloor average 10km thick

Question 12

Continental crust

Answer 12

Crust that forms the continets of the lithosphere

Question 13

Lahars

Answer 13

A flow of mud and debris

Question 14

Jokulhaup

Answer 14

a sudden glacial flood caused by a galcier on top of the melting volcano

Question 15

Convection currents

Answer 15

Circulation of magma within the asthenosphere . The magmanis heated by radioactive processes

Question 16

Tsunami

Answer 16

Generated when a submarine earthquake displaces the sea bed as a result of movement along a fault line. secondary impact of earthquakes

Question 17

Natural hazard

Answer 17

has the ability to affect populations, infrastructure . Can be either hydrometeorological or geophysical .

Question 18

Evidence of plate tectonic theory

Answer 18

1.Sea floor spreading
2.climate
3.paleomagnetism
4.geology

Question 19

focus

Answer 19

where the energy radiates from

Question 20

epicentre

Answer 20

point direc tly above the focus on the earths surface

Question 21

shallow focus earthquakes

Answer 21

where the focus is 0-70km under the earths surface

Question 22

Deep focus earthquakes

Answer 22

where the focus is 70-700km under the earths surface . less damaging as shock waves travel further . caused by previously subducted plates

Question 23

P-waves

Answer 23

primary waves , fastest wave causing the least damage

Question 24

S-waves

Answer 24

Secondary waves (make ground shake violently)

Question 25

L-waves

Answer 25

Large waves create significant damage in terms of crustal fracturing

Question 26

Crustal fracturing

Answer 26

primary hazard of earthquakes earths crust physically splitting

Question 27

Ash falls (Tephra)

Answer 27

secondary hazard of solid material of fine ash ejected into the atmosphere

Question 28

Volcanic gases

Answer 28

gass that are released after a volcanic eruption. carbon dioxide , carbon monoxide , sulfur

Question 29

Pyroclastic flows

Answer 29

dense hot ash rock and gas ejecting explosively from vlcanoes

Question 30

Natural hazard

Answer 30

Geophysical event that has the ore total to threaten both life and property

Question 31

Disaster

Answer 31

The realisation of a hazard when it causes a significant impact on a vulnerable population

Question 32

Risk =

Answer 32

Hazard X Exposure Vulnerability divided by manageability

Question 33

Resilience

Answer 33

The ability of a community to spring back after a natural hazard

Question 34

Vulnerability

Answer 34

Measure of someone’s inability to recover from a disaster

Question 35

Capacity to cope

Answer 35

Ability of people, organisations and systems using available skills to manage conditions

Question 36

PAR model

Answer 36

Seeks to explain how the intersection of unsafe conditions and hazards create vulnerability