tectonics chpt 3 Flashcards
1
Q
What is the tectonic disaster risk?
A
- potential dmg to properties, injuries, loss of lives from a disaster in a given period of time
- determined by nature of hazard, vulnerability and exposure
2
Q
What is disaster risk management?
A
- preventing disaster risks BEFORE occurences
- reduce tectonic risks DURING disaster
- manage disaster risks AFTER occurrences of tectonic hazards
3
Q
What is preventing disaster risks before tectonic hazards ?
A
- hazard resistant buildings
ensures structures can withstand those hazards and prevent the disaster risks
4
Q
How to reduce disaster risks during occurrence of tectonic hazard?
A
early monitoring and warning systems to enable timely evacuation and reduce potential loss of lives
5
Q
How to manage disaster risks after occurrence of tectonic hazard ?
A
insurance coverage - offers financial payouts to rebuild properties that have been damaged of destroyed -> quicker recovery for people affected by hazard
6
Q
How do disaster risks and losses hinder dvlpment ?
A
- environmental consequences
- social consequences
- economic consequences
7
Q
What are some envt consequences of landslides
A
- landslides from EQs and volcanic eruptions bury huge areas of forests and wetlands -> destroys entire ecosystems and loss in biodiversity
- pollution of rivers by debris
8
Q
What are some social consequences ?
A
- tsunamis results in drowning and floods and carries debris which could hit people
- houses destroyed -> homeless -> temporary shelters have poor sanitation and poor standards of living
- tsunamis carry dirty sea water, polluting wells and spreading diseases eg cholera
- indiv suffer frm psychological trauma when they lose their loved ones - > affects mental well being
9
Q
What some economic consequences ?
A
- destruction of homes and properties -> indivs financially impacted as it is costly to rebuild
- buisness owners lose income as the hazards might destroy their properties
- gvnt needs to spend money on rebuilding and repairing the dmg
10
Q
How do these consequences hinder dvlpment of countries ?
A
- country needs to spend money to recover from damages -> halts economic dvlpment
esp in LDCs as they will lack funds but are in need to develop - people are driven into poverty and standards of living drop drastically
famers cannot fish bc boats destroyed by tsunamis
schools and healthcare facilities destroyed -> lesser social services to disadvantaged communities
11
Q
Why is it impt to reduce disaster risk ?
A
- severe consequences (envt social economic) hinders dvlpment
- LDCs disproportionally impacted bc they lack the capacity and funds to prevent these hazards in the first place
BUT
some LDCs have invested funds into prevention of these hazards -> sustainable dvlpment
investments to prevent disasters are often more cost effective than rebuilding -> sustainable dvlpment
12
Q
What are the factors that affect the extent of tectonic disaster risks ?
A
- nature of hazard
- vulnerable conditions
- exposure
13
Q
What are some disaster risks caused by nature of hazard of EQs ?
A
- duration of shaking
longer shaking -> more damage
more people trapped under collapsed buildings
more infrastructure destroyed - time of shaking
at night -> people asleep and less aware of EQ happening
unable to evacuate
14
Q
Influences of vulnerable conditions on EQ disaster risks.
A
- quality of building design and construction
poorer the building design -> buildings are more vulnerable to collapsing -> higher disaster risks - soil and rock properties
opens up area to other earthquake hazards eg soil liquefaction
saturated and loose soil leads to building sinking into soil and tipping over
seismic waves amplify when passing from hard to soft soil because soft loose soil shake more intensely than hard rock -> waves slow down but get bigger
15
Q
Impact of exposure on disaster risks of EQs ?
A
- population density
number of people in vicinity and number of people in buildings
people in buildings more prone to being trapped when buildings collapse - distance from epicentre
less energy from seismic waves absorbed by rocks and soil before reaching city
seismic waves reaching city will be stronger and leads to more injuries
16
Q
Impacts of nature of hazard of volcanic eruptions on disaster risks ?
A
- viscosity of magma
highly viscous -> people not being able to move out of the way in time + explosion of materials may strike people and properties
less viscous -> people can move out of the way, less loss of lives, lava travels for a longer distance -> destroying more properties
17
Q
Impacts of vulnerable condition of volcanic eruptions’ disaster risks ?
A
- availability of surface and groundwater
higher availability -> more lahars can develop
lahars can bury people and properties -> higher risk
large quantities of water may come from range of sources -> rapid melting of ice on summit of volcano -> heavy rainfall - prevailing wind conditions
strength and direction of wind will affect range and where tephra goes
larger area of impact, higher number of people and property that become vulnerable
respiratory tract infections and roofs collapsing due to too much ash on rooftop
18
Q
Exposure of volcanic eruptions on disaster risks ?
A
- presence of human settlements
BUT
many people choose to live near volcanoes due to fertile soil for agriculture
geothermal energy (cheaper)
precious minerals eg sulfur
19
Q
What is community resilience ?
A
the ability of a community to resist, adapt to and recover from the impacts on a disaster in a timely and efficient manner
20
Q
What are some ways to strengthen community resilience ?
A
- reducing exposure through land use planning
- reducing vulnerability through hazard resistant building designs and early monitoring and warning systems
- increasing preparedness for disaster response and recovery
21
Q
How does land use planning reduce exposure to hazards ?
A
- controlling and minimising dvlpment in high risk areas
decreases potential chance for loss of lives and dmg to properties during hazard - use hazard maps -> strict guidelines are implemented to control dvlpment
use past data on hazards to identify areas at risk (high mid low) -> indicated likely extent of disaster
22
Q
How does early monitoring and warning systems reduce vulnerability to hazards ?
A
- detects seismic waves and ground deformation
- help make predictions and send warnings about potential hazardsd
- allows people to evacuate to safer place -> reducing their vulnerability to hazards
- eg EQ early warning (EEW) uses networks of sensors and monitors
-seismic waves are detected
- alerts sent to smart devices to inform people of when EQ will reach them
- provides advance warning for people and for authorities to initiate evuacations
- EEW shows the high risk areas as well as, allowing for emergency help to be deployed where most needed
23
Q
How do hazard resistant buildings designs help to reduce vulnerability to hazard ?
A
- shock absorbers (dampers) in buildings to absorb vibrations and shocks
- reinforcing buildings with diagonal cross braces to retain building shape during EQ
helps to ensure building does not collapse and trap people
prevents buildings from swaying too much and reduce vulnerability of it to collapse
24
Q
Why does increasing preparedness for response and recovery improve community resilience ?
A
- raising awareness through education
provides people with knowledge of hazards and how to respond correctly - first aid training
enables people to administer basic aid to injured and keep them mobile so they can evacuate - conducting evacuation drills
familiarise people with evacuation routes and procedures
reduces likelihood of them being trapped under collapsed buildings and ensuring they know where to avoid when lava / volcanic ash is flowing downhill from volcano
for tsunamis, specified evacuation routes away from shore so people can avoid the tsunami
25
What are the challenges in building community resilience ?
1. extent of communities’ resources
2. capability of community to organise itself for disasters
26
Why is the extent of communities’ resources a challenge for community resilience ?
1. tech and financial resources
2. cannot afford hazard resistant building designs and cannot recover quick from disaster
3. no land use planning as all land needs to be utilised as country has too less land
4. usually in LDCs which choose to prioritise economic dvlpment vs prepping for disasters and recovering from them
27
why is the capability of a community to organise itself for disaster a challenge in building community resilience ?
1. limits communities’ ability to respond and recover
2. lack of efforts to train and educate and hold drills
3. bc of political issues and civil unrest
4. corruption -> loss of funding which could be used to build hazards resistant buildings and EEWs
28
What is disaster management ?
the organisation, planning and application of measures preparing for, responding to and recovering from disasters
29
What are some strategies to respond to disasters ?
1. search and rescue efforts
2. timely evacuation
3. provision of basic social and psychological services
30
How is search and rescue efforts a strategy ?
1. important and immediate response that could save lives
2. finding and saving survivors under trapped buildings
3. aims to rescue most amt of people in shortest amt of time with minimal risk to rescuers
4. skilled rescuers and specialised equipments eg heat sensors and listening devices to reduce time taken
5. without rescuers, people will die from starvation, dehydration and burns/crushes
31
How is timely evacuation a strategy ?
1. moving people away from hazard risk areas asap
2. EQs (revision of impacts of eq hazards in chpt)
3. tsunami waves]
4. evacuated to higher ground and temp shelters where food, water and basic medical supplies are provided
5. volcanoes (rev on pyroclastic flows and tephra)
6. people evacuated from danger zone arnd volcanoes
32
How is provision of basic social and psychosocial services a strategy ?
1. water shortages after disasters
2. rev on ground shaking impacts that cut water pipes
3. rev on volcanic ash contaminating and polluting wells with sulfur dioxide
4. food shortages
5. available food not safe due to ash
6. no proper storage of food so it might turn bad leading to food poisoning
7. healthcare
8. injuries and respiratory tract infection from volcanoes
9. prevent spread of diseases by providing access to medicine, doctors and hospitals
33
What are some strategies to recover from disasters ?
1. restoring houses
2. improving hazard resistant building designs
3. providing housing and financial assistance to those whose houses have been destroyed and displaces
allows for community to recover quickly from disaster, rebuilding lives and minimising exposure and vulnerability to disasters in the future
34
What are some challenges in disaster management ?
1. lack of domestic resources (tech and financial)
2. challenges in engaging relevant stakeholders to collaborate and integrate disaster management strategies into their practices
35
Why is the lack of domestic resources a challenge ?
1. country may not have sufficient financial and tech resources to effectively respond to and recover from
2. hamper response efforts eg search and rescue, delays saving of lives which might lead to more loss of lives
36
Why is the inability to engage relevant stakeholders to collaborate and integrate with disaster risk management a challenge ?
1. disagreements among stakeholders for management strategies
2. underestimation of hazards and lack awareness of risks the hazard poses
3. high cost of integrating disaster management strategies eg hazard resistant buildings
local communities reluctant to purchase costly insurances for risks
private insurance companies reluctant to offer such insurance policies due to high risk of disasters which lead to high financial commitment required
individuals reluctant to pay for costly hazard resistant buildings
