Tectonics

Question 1

5 uses of the Alps

Answer 1

Farming, HEP, tourism, mining, logging

Question 2

Farming in the Alps

Answer 2

Goats - for milk, cheese and meat
Some sunny slopes terraced for vineyards e.g. Lavaux, Switzerland
Animals grazed high up because soil not good for crops
Transhumance

Question 3

Tourism in the Alps

Answer 3

100 million / year
70% in winter for skiing, in summer offer walking, mountain biking, paragliding and climbing
New villages built to cope with tourism e.g. Tignes in France

Question 4

HEP in the Alps

Answer 4

60% of Switzerland’s energy comes from HEP in the Alps

Used for local homes and business’ and exported further away

Question 5

Mining in the Alps

Answer 5

Salt, iron ore, gold, silver and copper were mined but cheaper imports have taken over

Question 6

Forestry in the Alps

Answer 6

Scotts pine - copes with goats with kill native saplings

Used for furniture

Question 7

How do people live in the Alps?

Answer 7

Steep relief - goats farmed, trees and defences used to protect against avalanches and rock slides
Poor soils - animal graze high up
Limited communication - roads built over passes e.g. Brenner pass between Austria and Italy but this takes a long time and can be blocked by snow so tunnels have been made e.g. the Lotschberg

Question 8

Primary impacts Merapi

Answer 8

Pyroclastic flows spread over 3km
800 deg c gas and volcanic bombs
Ash fell up to 30km away, one village was under 30cm of ash

Question 9

Secondary impacts Merapi

Answer 9

300,000 people evacuated into 210 centres inc. schools, churches and stadiums
Lahars destroyed bridges
353 deaths due to gas and respiratory problems caused by ash
Animals died and crops destroyed - higher food prices
Spiritual guardian of the mountain died :(

Question 10

Merapi short term responses

Answer 10

210 evacuation centres set `up
Aid offered from red cross
1600 people part of the response

Question 11

Merapi long term responses

Answer 11

Nearly 3000 people moved to new houses
New spiritual guardian :)
Money made available by government for new livestock

Question 12

Prediction Merapi

Answer 12

Seisomometers measured very frequent earthquakes

Tiltmeters measured movement of 11mm per day

Question 13

Preparation Merapi

Answer 13

10 km danger zone known with evacuation plans
System of giving out warnings
1600 people part of response - well coordinated

Question 14

Effects if Yellowstone errupts

Answer 14

15cm ash would cover buildings within 1000 km - enough to make roofs collapse - 1 in 3 people in this area would die
Sulphur dioxide would cause global dimming so crops would fail globally
Most of America would be infertile for 10 years

Question 15

Kobe impacts

Answer 15

Over 6000 killed
Infrastructure destroyed 
$220 billion total damage
300,000 made homeless
Fires spread through city - earthquake struck at breakfast time

Question 16

Haiti impacts

Answer 16

230,000 killed
300,000 buildings collapsed
1.5 million made homeless - cholera killed many in camps
Cost $11.5 billion

Question 17

Immediate Kobe responses

Answer 17

Refused international aid

Some people stayed with relatives, others camped or put into temporary accommodation

Question 18

Immediate Haiti responses

Answer 18

Many countries pledged money and people – world bank cancelled debt repayments for 5 years – hard to get people in due to destroyed communication and transport
1.5 million living in camps with poor santitation

Question 19

Long term Kobe responses

Answer 19

Just over 6 months after the quake all water, electricity, gas, telephone services fully working
By January 1999, 134,000 housing units had been constructed to higher standards but some people were still having to live in temporary accommodation.

Question 20

Long term Haiti responses

Answer 20

6 months after earthquake 98% of rubble undeclared

Many still homeless and living in camps - no money for new houses

Question 21

Preparation in Japan

Answer 21

A lot of the buildings in Kobe and Japan made after the 1960s are earthquake proof (necessary by law) with counterweights on the roofs and cross steel frames.
Many of the damaged buildings in Kobe were built before this period and were made of wood, which caught fire.
People are educated on earthquake preparation in Japan.

Question 22

Prediction in Japan

Answer 22

Japan has the world’s most comprehensive prediction programme with thousands of seismometers and monitoring stations in Japan designed to give warning. Kobe hadn’t had an earthquake in 400 years and had less prediction equipment than other areas of Japan

Question 23

Planning in Japan

Answer 23

The Japanese rejected international offers of aid and dealt with the earthquake itself.
All of the homeless people were dealt with reasonably quickly and the city recovered thanks to government money.
Schools practice monthly earthquake drills and some have evacuation chutes.
Buildings also hold emergency supplies

Question 24

Causes of the Indian Ocean Tsunami

Answer 24

The earthquake which caused the tsunami was magnitude 9.
The epicentre was very close to some densely populated coastal communities, eg Indonesia. They had little or no warning. The only sign came just before the tsunami struck when the waterline suddenly retreated, exposing hundreds of metres of beach and seabed.
There was no Indian Ocean tsunami warning system in place. This could have saved more people in other countries further away from the epicentre.
Many of the countries surrounding the Indian Ocean are LEDCs so they could not afford to spend much on preparation and prevention.
In some coastal areas, mangrove forests had been removed to make way for tourist developments and therefore there was less natural protection

Question 25

Social effects of Indian Ocean

Answer 25

230,000 killed
1.7 million made homeless
1500 villages destroyed in northern Sumatra - loss of traditions

Question 26

Enviromental effects of Indian Ocean

Answer 26

Rare Mangrove forests, coral reef and wetlands destroyed.
8 million litres of oil escaped from plants in Indonesia – harms other rare wildilfe
Crops destroyed and hard to grow crops – salt water

Question 27

Economic effects of Indian Ocean

Answer 27

Fishing industry destroyed – 60% of fleet in Sri Lanka
Tourism dropped 80% (20% of Thailand’s GDP)
$15 billion

Question 28

Short term response to Indian Ocean

Answer 28

Hundreds of millions of pounds pledged by governments, charities, individuals and businesses
Foreign countries sent ships, planes, specialists and soldiers

Question 29

Long term response to Indian Ocean

Answer 29

Billions pledged to rebuild infrastructure
Tsunami warning system put in place
Disaster management systems created - volunteers trained