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Geography 2016 > Tectonics > Flashcards

Tectonics Flashcards

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1
Q

Wegners climatological evidence

A

Coal which must have been formed in tropical conditions found in Uk, Antarctica and USA

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2
Q

Wegners geological evidence

A

Glacial deposits found in India South America and Antarctica
Striations in same directions in Brazil and west Africa

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3
Q

Wegners continental evidence

A

Appeared fit of the continents and shorelines

Seen as Africa and South America

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4
Q

Two types of constructive margin

A

Oceanic-oceanic
Continental- continental
Plates move apart

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5
Q

Landform found at oceanic divergent boundaries + example

A

Oceanic ridges

Mid Atlantic ridge as North American plate moves away from Eurasian plate

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6
Q

How are oceanic ridges formed?

A

Constructive oceanic plate boundary
As plate moves apart at vary rates, the crust expands and becomes weaker
Increased heat at the surface and eventually the brittle crust subsidies into magma and forms ridge

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7
Q

Landform at continental divergence and example

A

Rift valleys
East African Rift Valley
Nubian-Somalian

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8
Q

How are Rift Valleys made?

A

As 2 continental plates move apart the brittle crust fractures and sinks at parallel faults towards the lithosphere

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9
Q

Form, lava type and eruption style of volcanoes at oceanic divergent boundary + example
VEI

A 
Lava plateaux/fissure 
Basaltic 
Icelandic 
Typically submarine volcanoes but can reach surface 
Surtsey 
VEI:0-2
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10
Q

Wegners biological evidence

A

Fossils of Mesosaurus found in South America and South Africa with migration unlikely

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11
Q

Volcanicity at continental divergent margins

A 
Example Mount Kilimanjaro 
Form: basic shield volcano 
Lava: basaltic 
Eruption: Hawaiian possibly Vesuvian 
VEI: 0-2
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12
Q

Volcanicity at continental divergent margins

A 
Example Mount Kilimanjaro 
Form: basic shield volcano 
Lava: basaltic 
Eruption: Hawaiian possibly Vesuvian 
VEI: 0-2
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13
Q

What is a transform fault?

A

90 degrees to plate boundary as new crust is formed

As pressure builds can result in an earthquake

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14
Q

Can earth quakes occur at divergent plate boundaries?

A

Yes

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15
Q

3 types of destructive plate boundary

A

Oceanic-oceanic
Oceanic-continental
Continental-continental

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16
Q

Landforms at O-C destructive boundary

A

Deep sea trench

Fold mountains

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17
Q

How are deep sea trenches formed?

A

O-C destructive
O-o destructive
Peru chile trench as max a subducted under South American
Marianas trench as Pacific subducted under Philippine

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18
Q

How are fold mountains formed

A

O-C destructive
C-C destructive margins
As plates come together sediments are deformed by faulting and forming and are uplifted to form fold mountains

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19
Q

What is the Benioff zone?

A

Part of the subduction zone

Point at which the oceanic plate is melted/ destroyed

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20
Q

Volcanic activity at O-c destructive margins

A

Oceanic plate descends towards the mantle and becomes hotter
Increased friction also increases heat
Results in plate melting
Lava erupted in gaps in crust in volcanoes

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21
Q

Why is lava andesitic at o-c destructive margins

A

Oceanic plate melts which is typically basaltic but it combines with older elements of the crust which have a higher silica content

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22
Q 
Form 
Lava type 
Eruption style 
VEI 
Volcanoes at O-C destructive margins
A

Composite cone or ash and cinder cones
Andesitic lava
Peléan eruptions
VEI 4-6

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23
Q

What % of active volcanoes are found at subduction zones

A

80

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24
Q

Do earthquakes occur at O-O destructive margins

A

Yes typically shallow focus
Very powerful
Up to magnitude 9

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25
Q

Is there volcanic activity at C-C destructive margins

A

No as no subduction

Few earthquakes occur

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26
Q

What are conservative plate margins

A

Plates move parallel to the boundary
No crust is made or destroyed
No volcanic activity
Pressure builds and released as earthquakes

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27
Q

Example of a conservative plate boundary

A

San Andreas fault California

Pacific against North American

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28
Q

What are hotspots

A

Volcanic activity that does not occur at plate boundary
Concentration of radioactive elements increases heat
Generates convection currents
More magma near surface eats into plate above
Lava breaks into surface

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29
Q

Is a hotspot stationary or moving?

A

Stationary

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30
Q

Where are volcanoes found

A

Oceanic ridges
Oceanic trenches:/ subduction zone
Rift Valleys
Hotspots

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31
Q

What is intrusive volcanic activity

A

Magma which is viscous does not reach surface and cools and intrudes the crust to form features

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32
Q

How are intrusive features exposed

A

Erosion and weathering

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33
Q

Batholith formation

A

Large mass of magma cools and solidifies
Forms granite crystals in Igneous rock
Formed as a dome

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34
Q

Example of a batholith

A

Dartmoor

Isle of Arran

35
Q

What is a metamorphic aureole?

A

During batholith formation the surrounding rock is altered by heat and pressure of the magma intrusion
Dynamics of rock change eg limestone to marble

36
Q

Laccoliths

A

Small injections of magma in rock strata
Causes the rock to arch upwards
Forms a lens shape

37
Q

Example of a laccoliths

A

Eildon hills Scotland

38
Q

What is a dyke

A

Vertical intrusion with horizontal cooling cracks
Magma shoots upwards when forming a batholith
Cut across the bedding Plane of rock which has been previously intruded

39
Q

Collection of dykes

A

Dyke swarm

40
Q

Example of a dyke

A

Isle of Skye

41
Q

What are sills

A

Horizontal intrusions with vertical cooling cracks

Run along the bedding plane

42
Q

Example of a Sill

A

Great Whin Sill Scotland

43
Q

What are extrusive landforms

A

Molten rock reaches the surface

44
Q

Solfatara

Example

A

Gases mainly sulfur escape onto the surface from a dormant volcano
Bay of Naples, Italy

45
Q

Geysers

A

Large discharge of water followed by steam
Water is heated by the contact with hot rock and then constricted and pressurised
Plumbing system allows a jet of water
Old Faithful Yellowstone

46
Q

Mud volcanoes

A

Deposition of hot water and mud onto the surface, not dangerous
Philippines

47
Q

Fumaroles

A

Superheated water changes state into steam as a result of a large pressure decrease
Gases such as CO2 and SO2 released

48
Q

Examples of intrusive and extrusive activity in the UK

A

Granites
Dykes and sills
Basaltic flows
Volcanic plug

49
Q

Granites in UK

A

Intruded rock in the Grampians
Batholiths exposed
Tors made= distinctive landscape

50
Q

Dykes and sills in the UK

A

More resistant than surrounding rock

Great Whin

51
Q

Basaltic flows UK

A

Antrim lava plateaux in N Ireland

52
Q

Volcanic plug UK

A

Long extinct volcano found in Edinburgh

Active 300mn years ago

53
Q

Primary impacts of volcanic activity

A

Tephra
Pyroclastic flows
Lava
Volcanic gases

54
Q

What is tephra

A

Solid material ejected from a volcano

Range from ash to volcanic bombs

55
Q

Pyroclastic flows

A

Gas charged, high velocity flows of tephra and gas

56
Q

Examples of volcanic gases

Example

A 
Sulfur dioxide 
Carbon dioxide 
Carbon monoxide 
Chlorine 
1700 suffocated in Nyos Cameroon
57
Q

Example of volcanic gases

A

1986 Nyos Cameroon 1700 suffocated

58
Q

What are lahars?

A

Volcanic Mud flows

59
Q

Example of lahars

A

Village of Amero Colombia destroyed in 1985

60
Q

Why is flooding a secondary effect of volcanoes and example

A

Melting of glaciers Iceland 1996

61
Q

Example of volcanic tsunami

A

Krakatoa 1883 36,000 people drowned

62
Q

Example of climate change due to volcanoes

A

Krakatoa caused 0.5degree global drop in temperature

63
Q

Final secondary effect

A

Landslides

64
Q

Focus of earthquake

A

point at which the pressure of plate movement has been released

65
Q

Epicentre of an earthquake

A

Point directly above the focus on the earths surface

66
Q

Depth of a shallow focus

A

0-70km

67
Q

Which waves travel fastest

A

p

68
Q

Movement of P waves

A

Compressional

Vibrate in direction that they travel

69
Q

Which of the Earth’s layers can P waves travel through

A

Mantle and core

70
Q

Can P waves travel through solids, liquids or both

A

Both

71
Q

At what speed do s waves travel

A

1/2 speed of P

72
Q

Movement of S waves

A

shear rock as they vibrate at 90 degrees to the direction of travel

73
Q

Can S waves travel through solids, liquids or both

A

Solids only

74
Q

Which of the Earth’s layers can S waves travel through

A

Mantle

75
Q

2 types of surface wave

A

Love and Rayleigh

76
Q

Speed of Surface waves

A

travel slowest and nearest to the Earth’s surface

77
Q

Describe L waves

A

travel through solids only and move side to side and result in rock shearing

78
Q

Describe Rayleigh waves

A

Travel in a rolling motion and through liquids and solids

79
Q

What are the 4 causes of earthquakes

A

Plate Movement, Reactivation of old fault lines, subsidence and pressure on rocks through reservoirs and fracking

80
Q

Example of reactivation of fault line quake in Uk

A

4.8 in Birmingham 23/09/2002

81
Q

Are destructive or constructive earthquakes the most powerful

A

Destructive

82
Q

Describe the Richter Scale

A

Logarithmic scale where an increase of 1 on the scale translates to 10 higher amplitude and 31 times more energy released

83
Q

Mercalli Scale

A

measures the intensity of an earthquake using observations eg photos to assess the damage caused

Geography 2016 (4 decks)

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