Tectonics

Question 1

what is the fit of the continents

Answer 1

continents appear as if they fit, south america and Africa are the best examples

Question 2

evidence of climate

Answer 2

coal tropical rainforest 20N-20S
limestone Tropical sea 20N-20S
sandstone hot desert 30N-30S

Question 3

fossil evidence

Answer 3

mesasaurus lives in freshwater in africa also lives in south america-pangea is proved.

Question 4

MOR evidence

Answer 4

ontinental shelves fit better than continents. almost a perfect fit

Question 5

paleomagnitism

Answer 5

igneous- volcanic-molten iron can move
young rock means iron is N pole
old rock means iron is locked and can show continental drift

Question 6

drag mechanisms

Answer 6

convection cells drag the plates apart

Question 7

slab pull mechanism

Answer 7

in subduction zones, whole plate is pulled when it is sunk due to gravity

Question 8

push mechinism

Answer 8

rising heat, weight tries to sing the edges of the plates.

Question 9

where do intra plate hazards occur

Answer 9

earthquakes-old fault lines in the uk and on colllision zones such as the himalayas.

volcanoes
105 occur onhotspots such as iceland and yellow stone

Question 10

volcanic chain islands stages

Answer 10

1. submarine shield
2. subareal stage
3. erode and plates move
4. atoll stage

Question 11

primary waves

Answer 11

body waves that go through the entire earth. these are slow and have low impact.

Question 12

secondry waves

Answer 12

body waves that only go through solid layers. these are faster but do no damage

Question 13

love waves

Answer 13

surface waves that go through the crust. these are the fastest and do damage

Question 14

causes of earthquakes

Answer 14

stresses build up in the rocks
rocks fracture and energy is released
focus causes waves
epicentre is were damage is most intense

Question 15

earthquakes primary hazards

Answer 15

groundshaking
crustal fracture- 1960s Alaska

Question 16

earthquakes secondary hazards

Answer 16

soil liquifaction- soft geology and reclaimed land
fire- gas pipes cause fire
mass movement
tsunamis

Question 17

tsunamis

Answer 17

vertical displacement of the sea floor
caused by volcanic eruptions
landslides
meteorite
glaciers
earthquakes

Question 18

volcano primary hazards

Answer 18

basaltic lava flows - heimay 1973
volcanic gases - laki 1783
Tephra - Iceland 2010
pyroclastic flows - Mt pelee 1902
lateral blast - Mt St Helens 1980

Question 19

volcano secondary hazards

Answer 19

forest fires - lava, pyroclastic flows
climate change - tambora 1805
thunderstorms - ash encourages electrical storms
jokulhaup - Grimsvatin 1996
mass movement - Mt St Helens

Question 20

super volcanic eruptions

Answer 20

VEI 8
bruno Jarbridge
creates caldera and magma chamber that increases and explodes

Question 21

oceanic constructive

Answer 21

basalt magma
parallel fault lines
rift valley
shield magma
small-moderate in magnitude

Question 22

continental constructive

Answer 22

sag pond
shield volcano
rift lake
rift valey
basalt magma
african and somalian

Question 23

ocean-ocean destructive

Answer 23

andesitic lava
trench
conical volcano
subduction zone
partial melting
carribean and south american

Question 24

ocean continental destructive

Answer 24

andesitic
fold mountain
partial melting
subduction zone
high magnitude
conical volcano pacific and south american

Question 25

collision

Answer 25

fold mountains
fault lines i mountains
mountain roots
tibet plateu
eurasian and indian

Question 26

transform

Answer 26

pressure ridge
fault scarp
ridge hill
offset ridge
offset river
relative movement
pacific and north american- san andreas

Question 27

hazard management cycle

Answer 27

pre-disaster -> event -> response -> recovery-> mitigation

Question 28

prediction and forecasting

Answer 28

volcanoes yes signs,soundwaves
tsunami partly unpredictable, p-waves on land and DART
earthquakes no animal behavior, foreshocks Japan study L waves

Question 29

parks mode

Answer 29

hazard, normality
rate of onset
recovery

Question 30

disaster modification strategies

Answer 30

event- prevention such as retrofitting
vunerability - adaptations in community such as drills
loss- response and recovery short- medical long- rebuilding

Question 31

hazard profile

Answer 31

magitude
speed of onset
areal extent
duration
frequency
spacial predictability
economic loss
human loss
recovery rate

Question 32

quasi natural

Answer 32

humans contribute
wildfires, aberfan-loading the slope
deforestation = landslides/mudslides as transpiration doesnt occur

Question 33

types of natural disaster

Answer 33

biological-locust plagues
hydrometerological- drought
mass movement- landslide
tectonic - volcano

Question 34

heimay

Answer 34

developed, 1973, oceanic constructive
event - trench for CO2, 1 died but economy and fishing industry saved
vunerability- 5000 evacuated in 24hrs, saved lives
loss- 80% returned in 2 yrs, geothermal energy, tax

Question 35

Nyiragongo

Answer 35

developing, 2002 continental constructive
event - no action, 147 die, 15% goma destroyed
vunerability- japan fund observation deck, phone cables destroyed
loss- IGOs and NGOs provide 30 mill but warlords used that, inefective aid given.

Question 36

San Francisco

Answer 36

developed, 1989,transform
retrofitted buildings to make them asiesmic, reinfored masonary buildings, disclosure scheme
deep pile foundations
new asiesmic buildings
fire boats