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physical geography (C) > tectonic processes and hazards > Flashcards

tectonic processes and hazards Flashcards

1
Q

where are hazards predominantly found

A

where earths major plate boundaries meet -
movement of these plates driven by convection currents in the mantle

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2
Q

what happens at a conservative plate B and what does it cause

A

two plates move past each other in opposite direction or same direction at diff speeds

causes earthquakes

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3
Q

what happens at constructive plate boundaries (divergent) and what do they cause

A

two plates move apart and magma wells to surface

causes earthquakes and volcanoes

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4
Q

what are destructive plate boundaries (convergent) and what do they cause

A

oceanic plate subducts under less dense continental place and oceanic melts and forces its way to the surface as magma

earthquakes, volcanoes, tsunami

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5
Q

what happens at a collision plate boundary and what does it cause

A

2 continental plates move towards each other

fold mountains creating , earthquakes

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6
Q

what does intraplate mean

A

earthquakes or volcanoes in centre of plate

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7
Q

what theory did Alfred Wagner propose

A

-idea of continental displacement
- idea that we were once joined in a super continent called pangea
- parts moved due to continental drift
- theory rejected but in 1950s proven using paleo magnetism

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8
Q

who proposed the idea of the continental displacement

A

Alfred Wegner

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9
Q

what is palaeomagnetism and who found it

A

2 geologists discovered magnetic stripes parallel to the mid atlantic ridge

stripes corresponded to times earths magnetic field reversed

iron in magma lined itself up

supported theory of sea floor spreading

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10
Q

what is the wilson cycle

A

the theory that if continents move apart to form ocean basins, other oceans must close

if land moves apart, must also move together

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11
Q

what are earthquakes and what causes them

A

caused by sudden movements along fault lines proceeded by a build up of strain

when pressure exceeds, rock fractures and sudden release of energy makes ground shake

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12
Q

what are the three types of waves

A

p waves

s waves

L waves

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13
Q

what are the characteristics of P waves

A

vibrations caused by compression

spread quickly

arrive first

less destructive

back and forth motion

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14
Q

what are the characteristics of S waves

A

move slowly

vibrate at right angles to direction of travel

sideways moving and ground goes up and down

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15
Q

what are the characteristics of L waves

A

surface waves vibration occurring in horizontal plane

side to side

high amplitude

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16
Q

what’s the benioff zone

A

area of seismicity corresponding with the slab being thrust down in subduction zone

produces numerous earthquakes

deep focused

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17
Q

what is liquefaction

A

vibrations or water pressure in soil particles lose contact with each other. soil behaves like liquid and can’t hold weight
flows down slopes

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18
Q

what are landslides

A

movement of rock or debris down a sloped section of land

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19
Q

what causes tsunamis

A

series of waves caused by earthquakes or volcanoes

along destructive fault lines

release of friction caused subducting plate to lift

displacing water column above

forms waves - up to 30m

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20
Q

what are lava flows

A
  • streams of lava on surface
  • very hot and takes years to cool
  • not a threat to humans as they move slow
  • destroy everything in path eg homes
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21
Q

what is pyroclastic flow

A
  • mixture of hot rock lava and ash and gas
  • ejected from volcano
  • move extremely fast and destroy anything they touch
  • dangerous
  • very hot and move around 100km
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22
Q

what are tephra and ash falls

A
  • volcanic rock and ash released into air during eruption
  • large heavier peices do not travel as far
  • can cause injury and death
  • ash falls cover everything and poor visibility
  • roofs can collapse due to weight
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23
Q

what are gas eruptions

A

water vapour, co2 and sulphur

can affect people animals and infrastructure

can travel thousands of miles

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24
Q

what are lahars

A
  • masses of rock mud + water
  • move quickly down volcano
  • caused when heat melts snow and ice
  • vary in size and speed
  • can not outrun
  • can also be caused by heavy rain
25
Q

what is jokulhlaup

A

melts snow and ice

heavy sudden flooding

26
Q

what are volcanoes and how are they caused

A

opening in the earths crust through which lava ash and gas erupts

1900 volcanoes are active

27
Q

how do you measure volcanic eruptions

A

size and force varies

volcanic explosivity index compares and describes magnitude of erruptions from 0 (non explosive) to 8 (extremely explosive)

the amount and height ejected , duration are measures

28
Q

how do you predict volcanoes

A

small earthquakes from magma rising

change in shape

change in tilt

gas- sulphur

temp- magma is close to surface or not

29
Q

What is a hazard

A

A perceived natural event that has potential to threaten life and property

30
Q

what is a disaster

A

Reality of a hazard happening when it causes significant impact on a vulnerable population

31
Q

what is the relationship between risk hazards and people due to

A

unpredictability
Lack of alternatives which is why people stay
Dynamic hazards (made worse by people)
Cost benefit of staying in location
Russian roulette reaction - the acceptance that the risk is going to be something anywhere they live

32
Q

what is the hazard risk equation and what does it capture

A

Captures the various components that influence the risk

Manageability

33
Q

what is the PAR model

A

Pressure and release model

Works On the basis that a disaster is the intersection of two processes- processes generating vulnerability and natural hazard event

34
Q

what is a hazard profile and what is it used for

A

Compares physical processes that all hazards share

Identifies and ranks hazards that should be given most attention

Use to compare the same hazard in different places

Maybe inaccurate

35
Q

why are hazard profiles used/what are they useful for

A

implement land use zoning

Hazard resistant designs

Educating locals

Community preparedness

Management strategies

36
Q

how does governance impact vulnerability

A

Asset inequality- can’t recover and poor quality housing

Inequality of public services

Political inequality - no recovering

Social status inequality - access to income and services

37
Q

what are hazard trends

A

total number has increased

number of deaths from them is falling

economic costs have increased

total number of people affected is rising

reported disasters has risen

38
Q

what are reasons for changes in hazard trends

A

improvements in monitoring and tech

global population increased

rapid urbanisation

39
Q

why is disaster data hard to collect

A

there is an immediate focus on response not collection of data

methods vary

difficult to gather in remote areas

political biased ( always said to be worse if there are tourists there)

40
Q

what are physical causes that increase risk of hazards

A

torrential rain

rapid snowmelt

eruptions

surface runoff

la niña

41
Q

what are the human causes that increase risk

A

deforestation

land use change

water management

mining and quarrying

42
Q

what is hazard management

A

where gov and other organisations and emergency responders businesses and community groups work together to protect people from hazard

provides help

reduce loss of life and property

rapid recovery

43
Q

what is mitigation

A

preventing hazard events

identifying potential hazards and taking steps to

44
Q

what is preparedness

A

preparing to deal with hazard

minimising loss of life and property

45
Q

what is response

A

responding effectively to hazard

coping with disaster

46
Q

what is recovery

A

getting back to normal

short term and long term

47
Q

what is the parks model and what does it take into account

A

shows how countries might respond to hazard event
can be used to help plan and understand risk and resilience and prepare for future events

takes into account
hazards are inconsistent
have different impacts
have different responses
country has its own curve

48
Q

what is the difference between mitigation and adaptatation

A

mit- avoids or delays or prevents hazard
whereas
adap- reduces the impact

49
Q

what are the types of adaptation

A

high tech monitoring

crisis mapping

modelling hazard impact

public education

community preparedness

50
Q

what is high tech monitoring

A

allows advances warnings

GIS creates hazard maps

early warning systems by using scientific equip

mobile phone tech for communication

51
Q

what is crisis mapping

A

map set up and locals provide info via social media

locations plotted on map and put online

aid directed

used in Haiti

52
Q

what is modelling hazard impact

A

computer models lean scientists can predict the impact on communities

compared to effects of different scenarios

53
Q

what is public education and preparedness

A

better public awareness reduces vulnerability

regularly practicing emergency procedures

develop plans

54
Q

what are types of mitigation

A

land use zoning

diverting lava flows

hazard resistant designs

55
Q

what is land use zoning

A

local gov plans to regulate how land in a community should be used

helps protect areas at risk

risk areas used for farming

56
Q

what is diverting lava flows

A

path taken by lava is diverted by digging channels

can be hard to predict

57
Q

what is hazard resistant designs

A

designing and constructing safe buildings

eg earthquake proof

shatterproof glass

58
Q

what are the key players in modifying disaster losses

A

insurers and gov- insurance
money they need to repair

communities- locals are first to respond especially in remote areas

aid donors- emergency aid short term like shelters and long term like rebuilding

NGOs- when local governments is struggling

physical geography (C) (2 decks)

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