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Physical Geography > Tectonic plates and Volcanoes > Flashcards

Tectonic plates and Volcanoes Flashcards

1
Q

What are the layers of the earth?

A

Inner core, outer core , mantle , crust

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2
Q

What are the types of plates?

A

Oceanic and Continental

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3
Q

What are the characteristics of oceanic plates?

A

Density , basaltic rock, 7km deep, sima and plates are destroyed

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4
Q

What is the aesthenosphere?

A

Upper part of the mantle

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5
Q

What is a hot spot?

A

Places where magma rises through the crust

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6
Q

What is the Lithosphere?

A

the outer part of the earth, consisting of the crust and upper mantle.

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7
Q

What are the type of north poles?

A

Grid north, polar north, magnetic north

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8
Q

What are S waves?

A

S-waves, secondary waves, are a type of seismic wave that move through the Earth during an earthquake.

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9
Q

What are p waves?

A

Primary waves, longitudinal waves from compression

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10
Q

What type of plate is Sial?

A

Continental

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11
Q

What is Sima?

A

silica (Si) and magnesium (mg)

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12
Q

What is Sial?

A

silica (Si) and aluminum (Al).

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13
Q

How are convection currents created?

A

Convection currents are movements of gases or liquids in a circular pattern, caused by heating and cooling

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14
Q

What are convection currents?

A

Convection currents are heat-driven cycles that occur in the air, ocean, and mantle.

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15
Q

What is Moho discontinuity?

A

boundary between the crust and mantle

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16
Q

What are the characteristics of Continental plates?

A

Grantic 35km, Sial, thick

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17
Q

Which way do destructive(convergent) plate boundaries move?

A

Plates move towards each other

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18
Q

Which way do constructive (divergent) plate boundaries move?

A

Tectonic plates are moving away from one another.

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19
Q

Which way do conservative plates move?

A

where two crustal plates slide past each other.

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20
Q

What are transform fault boundaries?

A

a fault between two plates of the lithosphere, which will slide past one another

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21
Q

What is the focus?

A

The focus is where the pressure is released underground and where the energy radiates out from. Starting point

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22
Q

What is the Benioff zone?

A

Zone where lithospheric plate is subducted

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23
Q

What is an example of a destructive plate margin?

A

Japan

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24
Q

What is an example of a constructive plate margin?

A

San Andreas

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25
Q

What is Moho discontinuity?

A

Boundary between the crust and the mantle

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26
Q

How does ridge push occur?

A

Mid-ocean ridges ( constructive boundaries) pull apart, => magma rise and create slope=> New rock, cools & becomes denser, => slides down and pushes the plates

27
Q

How does slab-pull occur?

A

Destructive plate boundaries, oceanic plate sinks into the mantle , pulling the rest of the plate

28
Q

What are the different movements in plate mechanisms?

A

Convection currents , slab pull, ridge push , gravitational sliding

29
Q

What are the different landforms in plate movements?

A

oceanic ridges, volcanoes , oceanic trench, young fold, island arc

30
Q

How are oceanic ridges formed?

A

new ocean floor is created as the Earth’s tectonic plates spread apart.

31
Q

How are oceanic trenches formed?

A

Trenches are formed by subduction, in which two or more of Earth’s tectonic plates converge and the older, denser plate is pushed beneath the lighter plate

32
Q

What are shield volcanoes?

A

a broad volcano with shallow inclining sides

33
Q

What are cone volcanoes?

A

a triangle-shaped hill formed as material from volcanic eruptions piles up around the volcanic vent, or opening in Earth’s crust

34
Q

How are shield volcanoes formed?

A

repeated eruptions that occurred intermittently over vast periods of time

35
Q

How are cone volcanoes formed?

A

They form after violent eruptions blow lava fragments into the air, which then solidify and fall

36
Q

How are young fold mountains formed?

A

where two or more of Earth’s tectonic plates are pushed together

37
Q

How is an island arc formed?

A

from volcanic activity along a subduction zone

38
Q

When do destructive plate margins occur?

A

when oceanic plate boundaries slide beneath the continental plate

39
Q

When do conservative plate margins occur?

A

when plates slide past each other

40
Q

When do constructive plate margins occur?

A

When plates move apart, magma rises and fills the gap thats been created

41
Q

How is a rift valley created?

A

When the crust pulls apart, and the land drops, creating a rift valley

42
Q

What is sea floor spreading?

A

formation of fresh oceanic crust , created through new magma=> sea to spread

43
Q

What are the features of destructive plate boundaries?

A

Volcanoes, Mountain ranges, ocean trenches

44
Q

What are the properties of shield volcanoes?

A

Low silica content (45-55%), low viscosity, lava erupted

45
Q

What are the properties of composite cone volcanoes?

A

High silica(>65%), higher viscosity. ash volcanic bombs, lahars erupted, pyroclastic flows

46
Q

What is pyroclastic flow?

A

A pyroclastic flow is a hot, chaotic mixture of rock fragments, gas, and ash that travels rapidly (tens of meters per second) away from a volcanic vent

47
Q

What is a lahar?

A

a hot or cold mixture of water and rock fragments that flows down the slopes of a volcano and typically enters a river valley.

48
Q

How are composite volcanoes are formed?

A

Alternating eruptions of ash , tephra and lava, builds up volcano layers.

49
Q

Where do you find destructive subduction plate boundaries?

A

Where a continental meets oceanic ( oceanic heavier than continental)

50
Q

What landforms are found at destructive plate boundaries?

A

young fold mountains, deep sea trenches, island arcs, volcanoes

51
Q

What are the different landforms at constructive plate boundaries?

A

Volcanoes, ocean ridges, rift valleys

52
Q

How are hotspots made?

A

A hot mass of rising heat, weakness in a plate, magma rises to the surface

53
Q

What is an earthquake?

A

An earth quake is when the ground moves or shakes, creating seismic activity

54
Q

What are earthquakes measured in?

A

Product moment fit

55
Q

What measurement is used for the impact of an earthquake?

A

Mercali scale

56
Q

What is liquefaction?

A

occurs when the shaking causes loose or saturated soils to lose their strength, causing water to be released

57
Q

How is a tsunami formed?

A

Tsunamis happen when the seabed and large columns of water are displaced by submarine earthquakes. These types of earthquakes usually happen at subduction zones.

58
Q

What is the elastic rebound theory?

A

Elastic rebound theory explains how stress builds up in rocks along a fault until they break and release energy, causing an earthquake. Oceanic-Continental subduction

59
Q

What rock type ae composite volcano?

A

Basaltic

60
Q

What rock type are shield volcanoes?

A

Cryolitic/ Andesitic

61
Q

What is the hazard management cycle?

A

How well a country will cope with the earthquake will depend on how they go through steps in this cycle

=> Response, recovery, mitigation and preparedness

62
Q

What are the main secondary hazards from earthquakes

A

tsunamis, liquefaction and landslides

63
Q

What are characteristics of tsunamis?

A

high velocity, drop in sea level, short amplitude, long-wave length , followed by a draw back in water

Physical Geography (6 decks)

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