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Tectonic plates and Volcanoes Flashcards

1
Q

What are the layers of the earth?

A

Inner core, outer core , mantle , crust

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2
Q

What are the types of plates?

A

Oceanic and Continental

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3
Q

What are the characteristics of oceanic plates?

A

Density , basaltic rock, 7km deep, sima and plates are destroyed

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4
Q

What is the aesthenosphere?

A

Upper part of the mantle

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5
Q

What is a hot spot?

A

Places where magma rises through the crust

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6
Q

What is the Lithosphere?

A

the outer part of the earth, consisting of the crust and upper mantle.

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7
Q

What are the type of north poles?

A

Grid north, polar north, magnetic north

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8
Q

What are S waves?

A

S-waves, secondary waves, are a type of seismic wave that move through the Earth during an earthquake.

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9
Q

What are p waves?

A

Primary waves, longitudinal waves from compression

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10
Q

What type of plate is Sial?

A

Continental

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11
Q

What is Sima?

A

silica (Si) and magnesium (mg)

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12
Q

What is Sial?

A

silica (Si) and aluminum (Al).

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13
Q

How are convection currents created?

A

Convection currents are movements of gases or liquids in a circular pattern, caused by heating and cooling

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14
Q

What are convection currents?

A

Convection currents are heat-driven cycles that occur in the air, ocean, and mantle.

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15
Q

What is Moho discontinuity?

A

boundary between the crust and mantle

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16
Q

What are the characteristics of Continental plates?

A

Grantic 35km, Sial, thick

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17
Q

Which way do destructive(convergent) plate boundaries move?

A

Plates move towards each other

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18
Q

Which way do constructive (divergent) plate boundaries move?

A

Tectonic plates are moving away from one another.

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19
Q

Which way do conservative plates move?

A

where two crustal plates slide past each other.

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20
Q

What are transform fault boundaries?

A

a fault between two plates of the lithosphere, which will slide past one another

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21
Q

What is the focus?

A

The focus is where the pressure is released underground and where the energy radiates out from. Starting point

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22
Q

What is the Benioff zone?

A

Zone where lithospheric plate is subducted

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23
Q

What is an example of a destructive plate margin?

A

Japan

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24
Q

What is an example of a constructive plate margin?

A

San Andreas

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25
What is Moho discontinuity?
Boundary between the crust and the mantle
26
How does ridge push occur?
Mid-ocean ridges ( constructive boundaries) pull apart, => magma rise and create slope=> New rock, cools & becomes denser, => slides down and pushes the plates
27
How does slab-pull occur?
Destructive plate boundaries, oceanic plate sinks into the mantle , pulling the rest of the plate
28
What are the different movements in plate mechanisms?
Convection currents , slab pull, ridge push , gravitational sliding
29
What are the different landforms in plate movements?
oceanic ridges, volcanoes , oceanic trench, young fold, island arc
30
How are oceanic ridges formed?
new ocean floor is created as the Earth's tectonic plates spread apart.
31
How are oceanic trenches formed?
Trenches are formed by subduction, in which two or more of Earth's tectonic plates converge and the older, denser plate is pushed beneath the lighter plate
32
What are shield volcanoes?
a broad volcano with shallow inclining sides
33
What are cone volcanoes?
a triangle-shaped hill formed as material from volcanic eruptions piles up around the volcanic vent, or opening in Earth's crust
34
How are shield volcanoes formed?
repeated eruptions that occurred intermittently over vast periods of time
35
How are cone volcanoes formed?
They form after violent eruptions blow lava fragments into the air, which then solidify and fall
36
How are young fold mountains formed?
where two or more of Earth's tectonic plates are pushed together
37
How is an island arc formed?
from volcanic activity along a subduction zone
38
When do destructive plate margins occur?
when oceanic plate boundaries slide beneath the continental plate
39
When do conservative plate margins occur?
when plates slide past each other
40
When do constructive plate margins occur?
When plates move apart, magma rises and fills the gap thats been created
41
How is a rift valley created?
When the crust pulls apart, and the land drops, creating a rift valley
42
What is sea floor spreading?
formation of fresh oceanic crust , created through new magma=> sea to spread
43
What are the features of destructive plate boundaries?
Volcanoes, Mountain ranges, ocean trenches
44
What are the properties of shield volcanoes?
Low silica content (45-55%), low viscosity, lava erupted
45
What are the properties of composite cone volcanoes?
High silica(>65%), higher viscosity. ash volcanic bombs, lahars erupted, pyroclastic flows
46
What is pyroclastic flow?
A pyroclastic flow is a hot, chaotic mixture of rock fragments, gas, and ash that travels rapidly (tens of meters per second) away from a volcanic vent
47
What is a lahar?
A mixture of volcanic material and water. Usually occur during rapid melting of ice following an eruption
48
How are composite volcanoes are formed?
Alternating eruptions of ash , tephra and lava, builds up volcano layers.
49
Where do you find destructive subduction plate boundaries?
Where a continental meets oceanic ( oceanic heavier than continental)
50
What landforms are found at destructive plate boundaries?
young fold mountains, deep sea trenches, island arcs, volcanoes
51
What are the different landforms at constructive plate boundaries?
Volcanoes, ocean ridges, rift valleys
52
How are hotspots made?
A hot mass of rising heat, weakness in a plate, magma rises to the surface
53
What is an earthquake?
An earth quake is when the ground moves or shakes, creating seismic activity
54
What are earthquakes measured in?
Product moment fit
55
What measurement is used for the impact of an earthquake?
Mercali scale
56
What is liquefaction?
occurs when the shaking causes loose or saturated soils to lose their strength, causing water to be released
57
How is a tsunami formed?
Tsunamis happen when the seabed and large columns of water are displaced by submarine earthquakes. These types of earthquakes usually happen at subduction zones.
58
What is the elastic rebound theory?
Elastic rebound theory explains how stress builds up in rocks along a fault until they break and release energy, causing an earthquake. Oceanic-Continental subduction
59
What rock type ae composite volcano?
Basaltic
60
What rock type are shield volcanoes?
Cryolitic/ Andesitic
61
What is the hazard management cycle?
How well a country will cope with the earthquake will depend on how they go through steps in this cycle => Response, recovery, mitigation and preparedness
62
What are the main secondary hazards from earthquakes
tsunamis, liquefaction and landslides
63
What are characteristics of tsunamis?
high velocity, drop in sea level, short amplitude, long-wave length , followed by a draw back in water
64
What is the debris of a lahar comprised of?
Water, volcanic ash, pyroclasitc flow
65
What are magma plumes?
A magma plume is an upwelling of abnormally hot rock within the Earth's mantle that rises towards the surface.
66
How can volcanoes be mitigated?
evacuation plans, monitoring , land use and zoning , building regulations
67
How can you mitigate against earthquakes?
Building regulations Early warning systems Better land-use planning Public education
68
How does tectonic theory help to understand the causes of volcanic activity?
Destructive margins - subduction causing explosive volcanoes Constructive margins -plates pulling apart , magma rises - causing shield volcanoes Hotspots- Plumes of magma break through plates away from boundaries
69
What are the primary effects of earthquakes?
Ground shaking , landslides
70
What are the primary effects of volcanoes?
Lava flows , ash clouds , pyroclastic flows, gas emissions, lahars , earthquakes, climate impact
71
What are the secondary effects of volcanic hazards?
Tsunamis, socio-economic problems
72
What are the primary effects of storm hazards?
Strong winds, precipitation , storm surges , tidal waves
73
What are the secondary effects of storm hazards?
Socio-economic factors, environmental damage
74
What does the park model show?
the effects of a hazard on quality of life over a sequence of time

Physical Geography (6 decks)

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