Case studies Physical Geography

Question 1

What is the type of soft rock that is being eroded in the Holderness coast?

Answer 1

Boulder clay

Question 2

Why is there high rates of erosion in the Holderness coast?

Answer 2

Strong prevailing winds from the north east / soft rock=> boulder clay

Question 3

What is the hard rock that is found in the Holderness coastline?

Answer 3

Chalk

Question 4

What are the main features of the Holderness coast?

Answer 4

Chalk headland, retreating clay cliffs of the Holderness bay, 6km spit at Spurn point

Question 5

What are the main settlements along the Holderness coast?

Answer 5

Flamborough head, Spurn head, Withernsea , Hornsea, Skip sea, Bridlington

Question 6

What have the council done in terms of intervention?

Answer 6

Flamborough head-No intervention/ chalk is protection

Bridlington- Hold the line / tourist town

Flamborough head to Gibraltar point- no intervention( no economic value)

Hornsea - Hold the line

Mapleton-Hold the line

Withersea- Hold the line

Question 7

What are the main natural hazards that occur in Bangladesh?

Answer 7

Cyclones , flooding , tidal surges, salinity

Question 8

What percentages of Bangladesh’s population is live on the coast?

Answer 8

1/3( 50 million)

Question 9

What is the name of the forest in Bangladesh that is most affected?

Answer 9

Sundarbans

Question 10

What are the characteristics of the Eastern region in Bangladesh?

Answer 10

The river is a pacific type (concordant coastline) and runs parallel to the young folded ranges

Question 11

Characteristics of a western region in Bangladesh?

Answer 11

Large amounts mangroves/ store large amounts of carbon

Question 12

Why does Bangladesh need to be managed?

Answer 12

communities affected, mangroves and ecology, increasing population, economic affects

Question 13

What are the negative impacts of shrimp farming?

Answer 13

Mangrove removal, ecological degradation, less shrimps , increased carbon emissions

Question 14

How are hurricanes formed?

Answer 14

warm ocean air rises into the storm, forming an area of low pressure underneath. This causes more air to rush in. The air then rises and cools, forming clouds and thunderstorms. Up in the clouds, water condenses and forms droplets, releasing even more heat to power the storm.

Question 15

How are cyclones formed?

Answer 15

Low pressure occurs either side of the equator and together with the air heated over the warm tropical ocean, results in thundery showers

Question 16

What is ICZM?

Answer 16

Integrated coastal zone management/ Aiming to balance economic, social, and environmental interests

Question 17

What are the different hard engineering methods?

Answer 17

Groynes, Sea walls , Rock armour , Riprap, Gabions

Question 18

How do Groynes work?

Answer 18

They are created to trap the sediment

Question 19

How Sea Walls work?

Answer 19

Sea wall are designed to reflect wave energy and prevent erosion

Question 20

How does rock armour work?

Answer 20

Placed at the base of cliffs or sea walls to absorb and dissipate incoming wave energy

Question 21

What are the different soft-engineering methods?

Answer 21

Managed retreat , Strategic management, hold the line , no active retreat , managed realignment, beach nourishment

Question 22

What are the problems with ICZM?

Answer 22

High costs for hard engineering, Unintended consequences as with distribution of sediment , not sustainable in the long-term

Question 23

Why can some hard-engineering solutions affect soil distribution?

Answer 23

can alter wave patterns, changing how sediment moves along coastlines, due to wave reflecting wave energy

Question 24

What are the different methods of managing coastal flooding and erosion in Bangladesh?

Answer 24

Coastal embankments, mangrove reforestation, cyclone shelters

Question 25

What are the different ways used to mitigage against flood risk in the river-Evenlode?

Answer 25

Re-meandering, corner bunds, linking series of ponds, planting trees in floodable areas, leaky dams , reconnecting the river flood-plain

Question 26

What is re-meandering?

Answer 26

Making the river longer , slowing discharge. Increasing infiltration, soil has more time to absorb water

Question 27

What do corner bunds do?

Answer 27

Enable flooding to happen more likley.The corner bund catches water that flows from surface runoff, which reduces soil saturation. This decrease of risk of flooding.Corner bunds also increase the rate of infiltration and percolation, which reduces the base-water flow of the river.

Question 28

What do leaky dams do?

Answer 28

Leaky dams slow down the rate of water flow as they obstruct the flow water.

Question 29

How does reconnecting the river with the flood plain reduces flood risk?

Answer 29

Reconnecting the floodplain allows excess water to spread naturally across a larger area, reducing flood intensity and lowering flood risk downstream.

Question 30

What type of rock is locate in the river Evenlode?

Answer 30

Oolitc limestone, sandstone, clay

Question 31

What type of terrain does the Evenlode have

Answer 31

Undulating, having a shape like a wave or moving up and down like a wave, more susceptible to flooding

Question 32

Why is the Evenlode prone to flooding?

Answer 32

Undulating terrain , river has been straightened, increased urbanisation

Question 33

What has been done to mitigate against flooding in the river Evenlode?

Answer 33

River mangement systems( leaky dams etc..), 30,000 trees, 14 hectres of woodland,leaky dams, reconnecting the flood plane , corner bunds, ponds

Question 34

What is the stage zero project , Evenlode?

Answer 34

The River Evenlode Stage Project is a conservation effort aimed at restoring the river’s natural flow ( wetted perimeter)and habitats to improve biodiversity and water quality.

Question 35

What challenges face the Holderness coastline in regards to climate change?

Answer 35

• Rising sea levels (26 cm), increased storm frequency (prevailing wind)(=> increased erosion rates (8mm per year)=> Mass movement