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Reography GCSE > Tectonic Hazards > Flashcards

Tectonic Hazards Flashcards

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1
Q

Where do the majority of volcanoes and earthquakes occur?

A

On plate boundaries

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2
Q

What are the two types of crust?

A

Oceanic and Continental

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3
Q

What temperature is the inner core of the Earth?

A

> 5,000°C

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4
Q

What are two characteristics of continental crust?

A 
They are relatively thick (20-200km).
They are less dense than oceanic crust.
Continental crust cannot be destroyed.
Continental crust is old (3.8bn years).
They are made of granite.
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5
Q

What are 2 characteristics of oceanic crust?

A

They are relatively thin (5-10km).
They can be destroyed and recycled at destructive plate margins.
They are relatively young (200 million years).
They are more dense than continental crust.
They are formed of basalt rock.

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6
Q

What is slab pull and what causes it?

A

Slap pull is where oceanic crust sinks into the mantle under the influence of gravity. Which also causes the rest of the plate to be pulled along behind it.

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7
Q

What is ridge push and what causes it?

A

Ridge push is where oceanic crust is pushed into the mantle due to new crust being formed from magma rising and cooling.

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8
Q

What type of tectonic hazards can occur at a destructive plate boundary?

A

Earthquakes and Volcanoes

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9
Q

What type of tectonic hazards can occur at constructive plate boundaries?

A

Volcanoes and earthquakes.

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10
Q

What type of tectonic hazards can occur at conservative plate boundaries.

A

Earthquakes

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11
Q

What type of tectonic hazards can occur at collision plate boundaries?

A

Earthquakes

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12
Q

What type of plates are moving and in which direction we they moving at Destructive plate boundaries?

A

Oceanic and Continental.

Moving towards each other. (Oceanic is subducted)

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13
Q

What type of plates are moving and in which direction we they moving at Constructive plate boundaries?

A

Oceanic and Oceanic.

Away from each other.

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14
Q

What type of plates are moving and in which direction we they moving at Conservative plate boundaries?

A

Continental and Continental.

Sliding Past each other at different speeds.

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15
Q

What type of plates are moving and in which direction we they moving at Collision plate boundaries?

A

Continental and Continental.

Moving towards each other.

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16
Q

What type of volcano is formed at a destructive plate boundary?

A

Composite volcanoes

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17
Q

What type of volcano is formed at a constructive plate boundary?

A

Shield volcanoes

18
Q

If an volcano is extinct what does it mean?

A

The volcano is never going to erupt again due to their magma chambers being empty.

19
Q

If a volcano is dormant what does it mean?

A

The volcano has not erupted in around in 200yrs and does not show any signs of unrest but it could become active again.

20
Q

If a volcano is active what does it mean?

A

The volcano has recently erupted or is likely to erupt again.

21
Q

What are 2 characteristics of a shield volcano?

A

Eruptions are gentle.
Their lava is runny and can travel long distances.
They are wide with gentle sloped sides.
They are found on constructive plate margins.

22
Q

What are 2 characteristics of composite volcanoes?

A

They are tall with steep sides.
They have thick slow flowing lava.
They can produce ash clouds and pyroclastic flows.
They are found on destructive plate margins.

23
Q

What are 5 primary hazards from volcanoes?

A 
Death/Injuries.
Pyroclastic flows.
Ash clouds.
Lava flows.
Earthquakes.
Volcanic bombs.
24
Q

What are 5 secondary impacts of volcanoes?

A 
Homelessness.
Food shortages.
Disease.
Volcanic winters.
Lachars (mud flows).
Tsunamis.
25
Q

What is an earthquake and what is it caused by?

A

They are a sudden violent shaking of the ground caused by a sudden release of energy from a build in pressure in tectonic plates.

26
Q

What are 3 factors that affect the impact of an earthquake?

A 
Distance from the epicentre or focus.
The magnitude of the earthquake.
The development of an area.
Population density.
Time of day.
Communication - accessibility for rescue teams.
27
Q

What is Liquefaction?

A

Where the ground behaves as a liquid as water rushes to the surface

28
Q

What is an example Case study of an earthquake in an LIC?

A

Nepal Earthquake, 2015

29
Q

What is an example Case study of an earthquake in an HIC?

A

L’Aquila, Italy Earthquake, 2008

30
Q

How many people died and were injured in the 2015 Nepal earthquake?

A

Dead - 8,856

Injured - 21,952

31
Q

How many hospitals and schools were destroyed in the 2015 Nepal earthquake?

A

Hospitals - 26

Schools - 50%

32
Q

What two plates does Nepal lie on?

A

Eurasian and Indo-Australian

33
Q

What are 3 Primary effects of the 2015 Nepal earthquake?

A

Roads and communications were damaged.
26 hospitals destroyed as well as 50% of schools.
Almost 8,900 died and almost 22,000 people injured.
7 world heritage sites destroyed in Kathmandu Valley.

34
Q

What are 3 Secondary Effects of the 2015 Nepal Earthquake?

A

Fires caused by leaking gas.
Avalanche at Everest killed 18 climbers.
Tourism industry badly damaged by quake.
Landslides in valleys killed around 250 people.
Lots of water was contaminated by sewage pipes leaking.
Many people became ill due to disease.

35
Q

What are 3 Immediate responses to the 2015 Nepal Earthquake?

A 
Roads repaired and landslides cleared.
Search and Rescue teams deployed.
Field hospitals deployed.
Helicopters rescue people in avalanches.
Half a million tents for shelter.
36
Q

What are 3 Long-Term responses to the 2015 Nepal earthquake?

A

Over 7,000 schools rebuilt.
Stricter controls on building codes.
Technical and financial support offered by countries. (India + China = $1bn)

37
Q

When did the L’Aquila, Italy earthquake hit?

A

3:32am on April 6th, 2009

38
Q

What was the population of L’Aquila, Italy?

A

70,000

39
Q

What were 3 primary impacts of the 2009 L’Aquila earthquake?

A 
Infrastructure collapsed.
10,000-15,000 buildings destroyed.
300 deaths.
Around 1,500 injured.
Local hospital evacuated due to severe damage.
40
Q

What are 3 Secondary Impacts of the 2009 L’Aquila earthquake?

A

Powerful aftershocks.
70,000 people made homeless.
Historical cathedral collapsed (affects tourism).
Rockfalls and Landslides.
Fires spreading.
National Parks damaged (reduced biodiversity)

41
Q

What are 3 immediate Responses to the 2009 L’Aquila earthquake?

A

40,000 tents.
Rescue Operations from Emergency Services (well organised).
Diggers used to unblock roads.
Suspended rent, gas and electrical bills.
Within an hour Italian Red Cross searching for survivors.

42
Q

What are 3 Long-Term responses to the 2009 L’Aquila earthquake?

A

7 members of Major Risks Commission found guilty.
A new town promised to be built.
4,500 new buildings built by end of 2009.
EU granted $552 million from major disaster fund.

Reography GCSE (6 decks)

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