tectonic hazards Flashcards
what is a hazard
potential threat to human life and property
what are the two types of hazards
geophysical, hydrometerological
what are geophysical hazards
occur near plate boundaries, different speeds and directions, cause collisions, earthquakes and volcanic activity
what is intraplate earthquakes
earthquakes that occur near the middle of plate boundaries due to pre existing weaknesses which reactviate causing seismic waves or if solid crust weakens over time and cracks under pressure
what are volcanic hotspots
example, ring of fire, hawaii
occur near centre of plates, localised area of lithosphere, unusually high temp, due to hot molten magma from the core-plumes, magma rises as plumes
what is a volcano
openings in the earths surface which lave ash and gas erupts
what is an earthquake
sudden movements near the surface along a fault, pre existing weaknesses in crust
what are the processes of the plate tectonic theory
mantle convection, slab pull, subduction and seafloor spreading
what are the primary and secondary hazards of earthquakes
lava flows, pyroclastic flows, tephra, gas eruptions, lahars, jokulhlaup
lava flows
primary-move slowly, destroy everything in path, very hot, take years to cool, kilauea, hawaii
pyroclastic flows
primary-dense hot rock, lava, gas, ash, move to surface quickly, more dangerous, 700c, 100kmph, mount sinaburg, indonesia
tephra
primary, volcanic rock and ash blast into air large pieces fall near volcano, disruptive, slippery, heavy, calbuco, chile
gas eruptions
primary, dissolved gas, has water vapour, co2 and so2, lake nyos, cameroon
lahars
secondary, masses of rock and water vary in size and speed, quickly melts snow and ice, mount pinatubu, philippines
jokulhlaup
secondary, heat melts snow and ice, heavy and sudden floods, suddenly release water, rock gravel and ice
southern iceland
volcanic primary and secondary hazards
ground shaking, crustal fracturing, liquefaction, landslides
earths structure
crust and upper mantle-lithosphere, mantle-asthenosphere, outer core and inner core
plate tectonic theories
mantle convection, slab pull, subuction, seafloor spreading
what is mantle convection
heat from radioactive elements heats mantle, magma rises creates convection currents, magma currents move into circles in asthenosphere, causes plates to move
slab pull
newly formed oceanic crust at mid ridges becomes thinner and denser as it cools, sinks into mantle and pulled further down
subduction
as two oceanic crusts on contin. move towards each other one slides under the other into mantle and melts into subduction zone
seafloor spreading
mid ocean ridge and underwater mountains/deep ocean trenches formed by magma is forced up and hardens to form new oceanic crust, pushes tectonic plates apart
palaeomagnetism
study of past changes in earths magnetic field which is determined by rocks sediment or archaeological record, 1940-seafloor spreading, 400,000 years magnetic field changes direction so poles swap, causes plates to move
what is a rift valley
plate is stretched, leads to earthquakes
oceanic and oceanic
denser subducts, creates deep ocean trenches
oceanic and continental
oceanic subducts earthquake, volcanic eruptions, subduction zone has buildup of friction
continental + continental
fold mountains (mount everest)
divergent plate boundary
plates moving apart, mantle convection, slab pull and seafloor spreading
convergent plate boundary
plates moving towards each other, mantle convection, slab pull, subduction
conservative plate boundary
plates sliding past each other, transform margin, mantle convection only
benioff zone
seismic area, thrust downwards in subduction zone different speeds and movement (friction), numerous earthquake deep focussed due to locked faults, determine strength of earthquake due to depth and position of hypocentre
hypocentre
where the earthquake builds up and originates, strain energy of earthquake stored in rock is first released
what are locked faults
fault not slipping due to frictional resistance on faults are more than shear stress so fault does not move/struck, building stress
two types of volcanoes
composite-convergent, steep sides alternate layers of ash and lava, sticky lava, doesnt flow, acidic, violent eruptions, not very often
shield-hotspots and divergent, wide base sloping sides, runny flowy basic , frequent, less violent
three types of seismic waves
primary-fastest, travel through liquid and solid, longitudinal waves, damaging, most powerful
secondary- slower, solids only, transverse vibrations,
love waves=slowest, most damage, shake gorund from side to side, high amplitude
rayleigh waves=surface waves that travel near surface of solids
volcanoes-ground shaking
primary, infrastructure collapse, utah USA1960
volcanoes-crustal fracturing
primary, energy released in earthquake causes crust to crack, utah USA
volcanoes-liquefaction
secondary, water saturated material lose normal strength, behave liquid pressure of shaking, buildings and roads sink or tilt
volcanoes-landslides
secondary, slopes weaken and fail after earthquake, collapses as slopes are stressed
tsunamis
under water eruptions or volcanic, long wavelength and low amplitude, series of waves(wave trains) caused by sea bed displacement, subduction zone energy released causes seafloor to uplift, displaces water column and forms tsunami
factors leading to tsunamis
cause, distance, depth of water, offshore, topography, duration, wave amplitude, water column displacement, physical geography, gradient of shoreline, degree of protection, timing, quality of warning, degree of development, proximity to coast
how to predict tsunamis
DART (deep ocean assessment and reporting of tsunamis), seabed sensors surface buoys, no direct way to predict
what are time travel maps in regards to tsunamis
better understanding of how they occur, potential risk, impact still unknown, only know when wave is coming, gaps in monitoring, based on past events
what is a hazard
natural events threaten injury or death, damage and destruction of property
what is a disaster
hazards have a significant imoact on vulnerable populations, happens when 100+ people are killed 100+ affected
what is the equations to disaster
hazard + vulnerability= disaster
UN’s International Strategy for Disaster Reduction, disaster may only occur when vulnerable population is exposed to a hazard
degg’s model
hazard-geophysical=earthquake, flood, tsunami
middle=disaster
vulnerability= population susceptible to human and economic loss due top where they live
what is vulnerability
relates to ability to cope with impacts of a hazard
what is risk
exposure of people to hazardous event, links to proability of hazard lead to loss of life
facotrs which affect risk
public perception, unpredicability, magnitude, lack of alternative, benefit of location outwiegh risk, appectance of risk everywhere
risk equation
(hazard x vulnerability) divided by capability to cope
resilience
ability to protect lives, livelihoods, infrastructure, restore affected areas/ capability to cope
disaster age and risk index
two trends- ageing population, and acceleration of risk when exposed to more than one hazard,
age=children and elderly more likely to suffer, less resilience
development=developed countries are more resilient
2050, 79% of population over 60 will live less than developed regions
what helps disaster age and risk index
building codes and regulations, preparedness of plans, quality of communication systems, public education and hazard responses
what hinders disaster age and risk index
quality of infrastrucutre, efficiency of emergency services, level of corruption, wealth, access to education, poor quality housing, income opportunities, poor healthcare, high population density, rapid urbanisation
pressure and release model (PAR)
root causes (limited access to power, structure, resource, ideologies, politcal and economic systems), dynamic pressures (lack of appropriate skills, training, local investment, press freedom, ethical standards, macro-forces, rapid popluation, deforestation, urbanisation, arms expenditure, debt repayment schedules), unsafe conditions (fragile, physical environment, local economy, vulnerable society, public actions,)
hazards-volcanic eruptions, earthquake, floods, drought, storm , landslide
china
par model
root causes=corruption of government, dyanmic pressure=unsafe building practice, unsafe conditions= homes collapse, disaster=45.m affected
hazard=earthquake, landslide
japan par model
root causes=political unawareness in areas
dyanmic pressure=unsafe infrastructure
unsafe conditions=nuclear plate collapse,
disaster=power out, lives lost, destroyed infrastructure
hazard=tsunami
what is a hic
highly industrialised country
what is a lic
lower industrialised country
what is a nic
newly industrialised country
hazards factors
vary due to time, region and minor nuisances to major disasters
which has a larger impact volcano or earthquakes
earthquakes as volcanoes are on narrow belts, small proportion of land and humans, earthquake have larger secondary impacts, volcanoes affect less than 1% of world population
economic impacts of disasters
proportional to land area exposed, wide differenc ein vulnerability various impacts, developed:million population, low brith rate, wealthy, reslource surplus, aid source,
developed and emerging: billion population, high birth rate, poor people, resource deficit
factors of social and economic impacts
level of development, per captial GDP, numnber affected, speed of recovery, degree of urbanisation, uninsured losses
disaster risk index
chloropleth map, combine physical exposure to hazards with vulnerability demonstrates disaster with far reaching impacts
what are the types of tectonic hazard measurements
richter scale, mercalli scale, moment magnitude scale, and volcanic explosivity index
what is the richter scale
uses seismography, logarmithmic, measures energy released by single quake, not much detail or context, 0-9, objective, duration of hazard not accounted for
what is the mercalli scale
measures intensity of earthquakes, subjective, how it effects people adds data, roman numerals= i to xii,based on series of key responses, logarthimic
what is the moment magnitude scale
more accurate, measures energy released by earthquake, higher scale that richter, slip on fault and area affected , 0-9
what is the volcanic intensity index
volcanic eruption, measure of explosiveness, volume of products, heigfht of cloud, logarmithmic,
what are hazard profiles
compare physical processes that all hazards share, help identify and rank hazards, most attention and resources, same hazard different location not the different hazards, uses magnitude, speed of onset, duration, areal extent, spatial productivity and frequency
uses of a tectonic profile for a government
land zoning, hazard resistant designs, education, and preparedness, management strategies and plan response, and whether that have the capacity to afford it
what is mutliple hazard mapping
vulnerable to multiple hazards for example california
california tectonic profiles
volcano=mount st helens, knew prior
earthquake=expected a large one, San Andreas fault
40 million people, $2.45t GDP, half of it is the service industry, would be disrupted by infrastructure damage, centre of USA domestic food supply, countrywide impact
what are the factors of at kearney index
economic integration=imports and exports, fdi
personal contact=telephone traffic, travel and tourism, remittances
techonologicxal activity= internet users, hosts and secure servers
political engagement=membership of igos
international treaties
number of embassies
how does development affect a country’s response to hazards
it is a root cause (PAR model-economic, political, demographic)
developing countries have les spower of socio-political and physical enviornments than wealthier countries, so risk vulnerability is higher
access to resources is higher so organsation and tech to cope with higher and incomes and safety increases
what is risk vulnerability in accordance to development
access to livelihoods and resources, low piority for government intervention, locals lose confidence and trust in self protection and rely on gov.
factors which affect vulnerability through development
access to education, access to healthcare, housing, quality of life
advantages of being developed in tectonic hazards
reduce disaster risk, more toursim/more jobs, develop connections with other ciountries in aid, redevelop older infrastructure, investment in services, increase awareness
disadvantages to being developed in a tectonic hazard
hard to rebuild, people may migrate and not come back, lead to further corruption, loss of property and life
what are the three factors of governance
accountability, decision making and authority
recognition of practice of a range of principles such as transparency, rule of law, equity, consensus, participation, no longer are a single authority, in the hand of public and private stakeholders
accountable and responsible in decision making
weak political organisation, and oolitical corruption contribute to risk, failing to invest in infrastructure, ill prepared for hazard in terms of emergency services
characteristics of governance
economic activity growth on global transmational scale, increase in activity of institutions such as the eu, rise in neoliberal ideology, spead of tech and link organisations and introduce changes
geographical factors of governance
population density, degree of urbanisation, isolation and accessibility, contribute to resilience and inequality
what are the three types of governance
economic, political, administrative
kathumandu nepal case study
april 2015, earthquake, 7.8, 500k homes destroyed or collasped, multiple hazard zone with steep mountains, rural,, 9k lives lost, 22k injured, buildings destroyed, 100k displaced, 10b in losses, tourism and agriculture affected, landslides triggered, aftershock and trauma, rebuilding difficult
bam iran case study
earthquake, december 2003, upper middle income, at 5.26am most people were sleeping, more deaths due to that, waves directly under the city, ancient buildings destroyed, 3 hospitals destroyed, 20% of health workers died, emergency services struggled, 26k lives lost, 30k injured, 85% of town destroyed, 100k residents displaced, 6.6 mag, shallow, hypo centre depth 7km, poor quality construction, 1b lost, displaced local business, cultural heritage lost, aftershock
canterbury new Zealand case study
september 2010, south island, agriculture sector, ground shaking, surface rupture, 185 facaulties, 2,000 injuries, infrastructure collapse, significant damage, cbd affected, ground deformation created, land subsidence and uplift, destruction in surrounding areas, relocation, disruption to industrial production, 20b to rebuild, economy was resilient, business rebounded, tourism suffered as attractions were demolished, affected public services
what equation is used to measure correlation between two data sets
spearmans rank
what are the measure of the spearman’s rank
-1=perfect negative
0=no correlation
1=perfect positive
how to use spearman’s rank
1.rank from high to low for each data set, if the same value rank the same number and miss the next
2.find the difference of each rank between data sets
3.square this answer
4.find the total
5. plug into equation
6. state whether it links to the hypothesis alternative or null,
7. use coefficient to find critical value
what are the trends and patterns of management of tectonic hazards
as time goes on, geophysical, meterological, hydrological and climatological events increases, due to increasing temperatures which heat up the sea, an onset of natural disasters, and also speed up the precipitation process, more reported due to education and awareness, more people living in hazardous areas
trends in management of tectonic hazards
number of recorded hazards increase over 50 years, reported disasters decreases, number of deaths decreases apart from mega events, total number of people affected for hydrological and meterological increase, economic costs increase significantly
contextual factors of trends and patterns of management
improvements of monitoring and recording events, technology and seismometers improve, population is up by 4.3b since 1960, more marginal land, rapid urbanisation more permeable, increase in floods, densely populated area
are statistics in tectonic hazards effective
countries may focus on the response rather than data collection, methods and data counted may vary, difficult to record in some areas as well as primary and secondary death data collection, there could be political bias, analysing is difficult
anomalies of management of tectonic hazards
mega disasters cause this- such as asian tsuname 2004, japanese tsunami 2011, eyjafjallajokull eruption 2010 distorts trends in disaster losses
what is a mega disaster
large scale and pose problems for effective management and require coordinated international responses
what is a tectonic mega disaster
also known as a high impact low probaility event (HILP), high impact and high magnitude hazard event which affect several countries either directly or indirectly
what are the characteristics of hilps
large scale on areal and spatial scale, serious problems for effective management, scale of impact, require international support in immediate aftermath, spread quickly across different countries, impose different plan, e.g. japan losing 5% of gdp in 2011 tsunami
2004 boxing day asian tsunami
no warning systems or sensors, indonesia had no awareness or infrastructure preparation, 9.1 mag, seabed rose by 15m, mangrove defence removed for tourism, damaged buildings and collapsed, people on beaches, transport systems damaged, 228,00 dead, chemical and human waste in floodwater, famine and disease, loss of income for farming industry, spent billions on rebuilding $14b, fishing equipment damaged, ships damaged. saltwater turned soil infertile, cholera and hepatitis spread, further flash floods, prevented aid from reaching communitities, 1.7m displaced, us provided aircraft for search and rescue, sri lanka refused from aid from israel, effect felt globally, changed flows in captial, merchandise imports ros e by 26%, 6% of gdp in aid
2010 iceland eruption
composite volcano covered in ice cap with outlet glaciers, warning signs from shallow earthquakes, put diggers in place in protection, ash plume generated, small but highly effective in europe as a whole, 3 VEI, combine with settled weather pattern with blowing winds, erupted for 39 days, new explosive phase, no direct deaths, 100,00 air journeys cancelled, water contaminated, respiratory illness, poisoned cattle reduced food supply, revenue made from trade and exports halted, ash made soil fertile for farming, airlines lost $130 million each day, promoted tourism, people took eurostar instead of flying, homes and roads damaged, crops destroyed, counselling sent out, people trapped due to co2 emissions 2.8m tonnes, evacuated 500 local people, imports and exports continentally affected, car manufacturing disrupted, impact on producers of food and fruit in kenya zambia and ghana, delays in transportation, fast perishing good rotted, $65m lost by african countries
2011 Tohoku Japan earthquake and tsunami
good building construction due to strict building regulations, well developed plans, equipped with emergency kits, warning system in place, education and drills, didnt take tsunami into account for the power plant, 9.0 mag, tsunami disrupted the east coast, largest earthquake recorded, 4.4m houses without electricity, transport disrupted, land subsidence, contamination of groundwater and soil, rail roads destroyed, 15,749 dead, 3962 missing, eroded public trust, destroyed properties and infrastructure, government debt rose to buy fossil fuels, £159b, rebuilding expenses, price of electricity went up by 20% loss of jobs as nuclear plants closed, bank of japan offered $183b to banks to keep economy running, 130,927 displaced, hospitals damaged, liquefation and landfall occurred, pollution up to 6 miles in land, radiation levels and health nearby monitored, iodine tablets given out for risk of radiation poisoning, disabled power supply,contaminated leaked to pacific ocean, liquefied natural gas (LNGs) affected worldwide and its affordability due to japans increase in demand, loss of public acceptability of nuclear power worldwide as italy and germany shut down reactors, escalating cost of capital associated with construction, local elderly started a knitting club in the local community as well as a tea and conservation club to support the elderly affected
why is being landlocked affect vulnerability to tectonic mega disasters
accessibility to areas which are landlocked or mountainous is an issue as the location can make if difficult for help to arrive e.g. afghanistan and bam, iran
what are mutliple hazard zones
places where a number of physical hazards combine to create and increase level of risk, disaster hotspots
what are meterological hazards
natural hazards caused by climate processes eg dorughts floods and earthquakes
predictions of tectonic hazards
reduce death and destruction, more aware of tell tale signs for volcanoes, earthquakes more difficult to predict, key to detect areas of particular stress in crust to trigger earthquakes
factors of tectonic events prediction
gas monitoring of sulphur levels when magma is near the surface, seismometer=monitor land for increase in seismic activity
ground deformation=change in shape around volcano
thermal imaging=detect heat indicates magma near the surface
boreholes=drill down volcano and test height at water level
predicting earthquakes
hard to predict, need diagonsitic precursor which is a characterisitic pattern of seismic activity or physical chemical and biological change, instead they look at underground movement of magma for areas with most stress, complex and hard to model- animal behaviour, changes in radon emissions, electromagnetic variation
how can earthquakes be forecasted
based on statistical likelihood due to evdience and ata from global seismic montioring and historical data, long term is more reliable than short and medium term, encourages govt to enforce more strigent building codes
what is a risk disc
model that attempts to explain reasons for decline in deaths in terms of disaster prepareness, disaster response, disaster recovery, disaster mitigation, adaption to climate change, and development
what is a hazard management cycle
governments and organisations/ key players (emergency responders, businesses, community groups, international organisations and charities) work together to protect people from hazards by reducing loss of life and property, provide help, ensure rapid and effective recovery, 4 stage cycle where different activities which link occur= recovery, mitigation, reponse and preparation
what are the 5 activities of the hazard management cycle
reconstruction, risk assessment and planning, pre event activities, emergency management and operations, restoration of infrastructure and service
4 stage cycles of hazard management cycles
recovery, mitigation, response and preparedness
what is mitigation in the hazard management cycle
preveting hazard and minimising effects, identify natural hazards and reduce loss of life and prpoerty by zoning and land use planning, developiong and enforcing building codes and protective building structures, before and after hazard event
what is preparedness in hazard management cycles
preparing to deal with a hazard, bhy minimising loss of life and property, facilitating response and recovery, palns are developed and implemented by emergency planners, by developing plans, early warning systems, evacuation routes, stockpiling aid and raising public awareness all before the event
what is response in the hazard management cycle
respondfing effectively before a hazard event to cope with disaster to save lives, protect property, make affected areas safe and reduce economic loss, by carrying out search and resuce efforts, evacuating people, resotring critical infrastructure, ensure critical services continue
what role does recovery after a hazafrd event play in the hazard managment cycle
short term focus is to meet immediate needs which can last weeks- provide essential health and safety services and restoring power and water, tranport routes and providing food and temporary shelter and financial assistance to rebuild and long term focus of meeting needs over a number of months or years to reduce future vulnerability- rebuilding homes and repairing infrastructure and reopening businesses and schools
what factors affect response to hazards
geographical accessibility, type of hazard, topogrpahy of region, climate, number of people/population density, degree of preparedness, technological resources, scientific understanding, education and training, wealth, infrastructure, social and political framework
what is the parks model
shows how a country or region responds after hazard event, framework to understand the time dimensions of resilience, plan and understand risk and resilience to prepare in the future, compare places with same disaster event
why are parks models used
takes into account that hazards are inconsistent in terms of magnitude and development, all hazards have different impacts and responses, wealth leads to a difference length of curve as it can impact the stages as they may need less support, affects multiple countries which all have their own curve, nature of the curve is affected by the magnitude rather than the length of the 5 stages
what are the 5 stages of the parks model
1-modifying cause of event
2-hazardous event
3-search rescue and care
4-relief and rehabilitation
5-nature of recovery
what is the x axis of the parks model
pre-disaster, relief within hours and days, rehabilitation within days and weeks, reconstruction within weeks and years
what is mitigation
strategies to avoid delay or prevent hazard events
what is adaption
strategies deisgned to reduce impacts of hazards
what is micro
strengthen individuals buildings and structures against hazardous stress
what is macro
large scale protective measure for whole communities
what are the 4 ways of mitigation
land use zoning, diverting lava flows, GIS mapping, and hazard resistant deisgn and engineering defences
what is land use zoning
used by the local government planners to regulate use of land for recreational, industrial and residential use, protects people and property, prepatory tasks such as determining safe evacuation routes, however, settlement is limjited, types of structures used are limited, critical for community function and makes residents resettle, development in natural protection, common in wealthier countries and less in developing due to difficulties implementing
what is diverting lava flows in mitigation
in history, countries used to build barriers and channels to divert flows, however this is less successful as the path is predictable, and it is hard to build walls or dig channels as it could push lava towards other areas due to an areas terrain, it was successful in mount etna italy
what is gis mapping in mitigation
geographical information system, used in all stages of hazard management cycle, identify evacuation routes and resuce and recovery options, info on locations and rough populations of major towns and cities, helps aid agencies to identify most affected and nearest location of aircraft with supplies and workers, helped in nepal 2015 relief after earthquake
what is hazard resistant and engineering in mitigation
prevents buildings from collapsing by designing and constructing to withstand events more effectively, resistant ground shaking, roofs sloped to reduce ash build up, anchored to prevent floating, retrofitting by modifying existing buildings, strengthening foundations and seawalls to slow impact of waves, other methods more effective in developing countries
what are the 4 types of adaptation
high tech monitoring, crisis mapping, model hazard impact, public education
what are high tech monitoring in adaptation
advanced warnings, either GIS which create hazard map and management, early warning systems using scientific instruments to detect signs relevant authorities informed rapid alert, satelitte communication tech for early warning systems such as Indian Ocean tsunamis every 15 secs from monitoring equipment, mobile phone mesages for prepartion activities eg Japan 2011 seismographs to messages
what is crisis mapping in adaptation
crowd source info to accurately map areas struck by disaster, for adi agencies, eg Haiti 2010 had a lack of good infrastructure and communication systems hampered resuce and aid so Ushahidi set map for Haiti and provide info to plot map amd place online so rescue and aid is directed
what is model hazard impact in adaptation
computer model allowa scientisits to predict impact and compare effects of different scenarios, used by decision makers to develop plans and strategies to reduce impacts and target resources more effectively
what is public education in adaptation
public awareness to understand how to protect themselves, regularly practice eg Japan practice drills in school 4 times a year and have a national disaster prevention day which 2m participate in, encourage households to create emergency preparedness kits and use effective education materials
when is community preparedness important
develop suitable plans in at risk communities, local knowledge is important eg 2004 boxingn day tsunami in the mkoen tribe that notice unusual movements in bay of bengal in thailand, moved people to safety and saved 200 lives, special assistance may be needed, for example organising drills and first aid courses
what are complex risk environments
improve scientific understanding, insufficient prepared, do not effectively economic, social and political and humanitarian consequences, inrrespective development, high threshold events govt are last responders, no technical expertise, strengthened, clarity of process through chain of command clear and common approaches
who are key players
insurance companies, local communities, ngos, govt and aid donors
what do insurance companies do
help communities, recover money repair and rebuild many countries few people have insurance, developing=unaffordable, does not in shock waves or tremors only property loss, fire and explosions
what do community do
local people respoond first, immediate search and rescue in remote communities, aid is long to arrive, undertake recovery themselves, involved in long term, eg afghanistan 2015, villagers in mountaions set out to support and travel to remote areas and help
what do aid donors do
emergency aid eg burma and water in floods, short term aid eg temporary shelter in kashmir, and long term aid eg haiti rebuilding infrastructure and redeveloping economy
ngos role in hazard management cycles
in all components of cycle, support local govt in providing funds,coordinate search and rescue, help develop reconstruction plans,
examples of ngo at work in hazard management
pakistan 2005, 7.6 mag, 73k dead, 13k children, 3.5 million homeles,s sanitation and communications destoryed, road destroyed , mostly in mountainous areas, made reconstruction hard, red cross and oxfam gave 500k tents, water for 700k, food and clothing, emergency medical care, permanent shelter, water supply, roads rebuilt, by 2007 they moved to recovery rather than relief and built new homes, schools and hospitals, created community risk reduction programmes
why may aid donors be criticised
due to corruption some may send aid directly, encourage self help, haiti- nepalese aid fell with cholera
what is the hyogo and sendai approach
framework to promote strategic, systematic approach to reducing vulnerability
what are the 4 aims of the hyogo and sendai approach
-understanding disaster risk,
-strengthening governance to manage disaster,
-investing in disaster risk reduction and preparedness,
-recovery, rehabilitation, reconstruction
what does the hyogo and sendai approach focus on
focus on disaster risk reduction and climate change adaption, emergency preparedness
