regeneration Flashcards
1
Q
what is a place
A
area or location shaped by communities or individuals over time, hold meaning, public perception and engage and attatch
2
Q
what is regeneration
A
policies and programmes are diesgned to tackle inequalities in urban and rural places, improve economic productivity and social perception, costs and benefits for stakeholders, connected with rebranding, increases socio economic viability
3
Q
what is the clark fisher model
A
graph displaying the 4 sectors in the uk and their employment- pre industrial, industrial, post industrial
4
Q
how is economic activity classified
A
primary-producing raw materials and food crops such as farming, mining and forestry
secondary-manufacturing finished products
tertiary-providing services, public (healthcare, education), private (retail,education)
quaternary-provide specialist services in finance, law or industries such as IT and biotechnology
quinary-highest level of decision making, top business execs in NGOs, media, healthcare, unis, officials in govt, knowledge economy, creates prosperity
can also be measured by employment-full time, part time, temporary or permanent, employed or self employed
5
Q
employment trends
A
trends can affect the publics perception of the area due to the types of jobs
6
Q
social implications of job changes
A
decline in primary and secondary in the 1960-80s, growth in tertiary and quaternary in the 1990s-2000s, key factors include health, life expectancy, and levels of education, methods ofn measurement include employment and output data-location quotients, GP and gross value added
7
Q
impacts of job changes
A
social and economic inequalities-north-south divide
regionally-incomes vary, london being the highest, incomes are high in senior roles in govt, and civil services, docklands-based knowledge economy, increases
quality of life-incomes rise, housing and other costs also rise, people are happiest where costs and housing is most affordable
occupation-relationship between life expectanct and type of job- routine jobs have the lowest of all types,
income=deprivation and poor health
education-good gcse levels in london compared to ne england, linked to employment and university degrees, factors such as tuition and home culture
8
Q
affect of wages across the Uk
A
variation in employment lead to significant economic and social inequalities, such as variations in quality of life, life expectancy, health levels, education,- dependent on secotr of work, has a knock on effect on quality of life
9
Q
what is the imd map
A
index of multiple deprivation, measures seven factors and ranks all areas of england from most to least deprived- income, employment, education, health, crime, barriers to housing and services, living environment
10
Q
how to places change over time
A
all have overarching function-mining, tourism, leisure, banking, markets
distinctive demographic characteristics, reflecting employment, land use, inequality, deprivation, overtime changes occur to function and demographic
11
Q
demographic definition
A
concerning population structure of a place or group
12
Q
the 4 main functions of an area
A
administrative, commerical, retail and industrial
13
Q
3 types of functions
A
specialist-located in larger settlements such as banks and department stores
low order-grocery stores, pubs, such as villages, changing due to internet and changing customer habits-online shopping and banking
regeneration-seek to act against the cloning of land use to encourage affluent people to move there
14
Q
how is the demography of an area distinct
A
urban and rural places have distinctive population structures which could change over time- factors include ethnicity, rural to urban migration, employment and elderly and young people
15
Q
gentrification as a demographic change
A
change in social structure of a specific location, improves social structures, unfair process, has several steps-
affluent people move into an area, new money in the area leads to imporvement in the place, landlords will increase the price of rent, people who lived there before are priced out, overall value of area increases
occurred in brixton, chelsea, white city, stratford, changes demographic structure, increase money and quality of life
16
Q
studentification
A
students live in clusters- university cities and towns, terraced houses easier to convert and rent out, often cheaper, quieter in holiday season, antisocial
behaviour, durham, belfast, leicester and leeds, govt aim to regenerate by capping number of houses in mutiple occupation
17
Q
reasons for regeneration of an area
A
physical, accessibility, connectedness, historial development, role of planning by governemnt and stakeholders
18
Q
how is regeneration measured
A
land use changes, employment trends, demographic changes, levels of deprivation
19
Q
london docklands case study
A
until early 1070s, the east end was the port of london, trade flowed in and out, east of london bridge, closed in 1981, containerships were too large, shift to essex, families lived close by were poorly paid and lived in social housing, cranes replaced workers, between 1978-1983 12k jobs were lost, 60% of men were unemployed, became derelict and moved away to find work, nearby industry closed as raw mateirals couldnt be imported, population fell as 100k left between 1971-81
20
Q
what are the two methods that were used to regenerate the london docklands
A
reimaging and market led regeneration
21
Q
effects of deindustrialistion on london docklands
A
rise in crime due to rise in unemployment, inner cities gained poor reputation and economic potential, qol environment decreases as crime rises between 1975-85, increase deprivation combined to ethnic and community tensions led to riots in 1981
22
Q
statistics of crime in the london docklands
A
burglary up by 68.2%, theft up by 48.6%, violent crime up by 71.4%, in all crime increased by 72.5%
23
Q
what was the method of reimaging the london docklands
A
tory govt decided to rebrand the area in 1984 with garden festivals for greener imaging, an upgrade was needed with 21 sq km to available to build on near central london, responsibility was given to LDDC (london docklands development corporation), worked with arichtects, keen property owners, and investors and construction companies
24
Q
how has market led regeneration supported the london docklands
A
LDDC gave planning powers and permissions to local councils in newham, tower hamlets and greenwich, by 1991, tax breaks were given on new builds that are still in force today which incentivised and attracted investors
25
what are the three focused aims of market led regeneration
economic growth, infrastructure development and housing
26
economic growth of the london docklands due to regeneration
flagship regeneration was canary wharf which became the second london cbd, new banks arrived such as citibank, barclays and hsbc, jobs created in quaternary and tertiary sector led to a trickle down effect on poorer communities, 100k communters and 325k working in city, average house price was £615k in 2012, however 27% of newham's working population earned less than £7 an hour, economic disparity
27
infrastructure effect due to regeneration of the london docklands
accessibility and connectedness due to new transport developments, extended jubilee line, developing dlr, new roads such as limehouse road link, building london city airport close to canary wharf,
28
population and housing
population structure has changed, older less economically active moved away as much younger generation, lsrge scale immigration has increased ethnic diversity, before regeneration most housing from local housing but changes have occurred through 1980 govt right to buy shceme however this caused social housing to be transferred to private sector forcing social housing out, gentrification also occurred as the LDDC increased housing through old warehouses
29
cornwall case study
rural-county located on coastal periphery of west of mainland england-250 miles off london, very poor transport links, no motorways, low levels of investment, heavily reliant on tourism industry which is seasonal and low paid creating a cycle of rural deprivation, lead to braindrain, eden project once was a 60 metre deep clay pit used for china ceramics until containerisation and exporting became cheaper, around mid 90s it had a large diversity of plants planted from waste material and watered with rain, supported by architect firm grimshaw, by the early 2000s it boosted local economy and provided higher paid full time employment opportunities, outreach to other countries eg china and ecuador, improved public perception while reducing braindrain, average braodband speed of 428.1mbqs, twin cities with bederkesa germany, 604,000 visitors annually, eu funded, strong community, 70% rise in tourism related business, low deprivation-7-9 decile of imd,
30
kings cross case study
urban-in the 1820-60 it was linked to major industrial cities in north imperial gas light and coke company arrived, paint manufacturing, great northern railway developed, known red light district, high concentration of slums and poverty, increase crime rates, unemployment and environmental quality, transport of goods by rails suffered a decline and rails were closed and abandoned after wwii there was a decline as overcrowding in housing increased and there was a generally low quality two storey terraced houses, between 2000-13 new buildings and open spaces where created which were aesthetically pleasing deisgns, coal drops yard, mixed use development, (residential, commerical, cultural spaces), varied demogrpahic of players, community engagement, public art installation with a trendy high street, all done by a malaysian consortium, in current times, it is a major transport hub and is accessible, international through eurostar, st pancras, over 100 shops, 50 new buildings, 20 new high streets, 10 new public squares, known for entertainment/harry potter, attracts tourists £2,5b transport investment in infrastructure,
31
battersea case study
urban-in 1929-45, a station and b station were built which costed £2.1 million for station a alone, it was primarily coal and oil, occurred due to wwii, 4 distinctive chimney, grade ii, it then supplied 1/5 of londons electricity and a station was decomissioned in 1975, while b shut down in 1978 due to deindustrialisation and the move away from coal as a source of energy, administrators Ernest and Young entered agreement with Malaysian stakeholders SP Setice and Sime Darby to use the site commerically and retail, before it was contaminated and derelict for decades, 42 acres surrounding it, this led to bars and restaurants and theatres being built around it in phase iii as a new pedestrianised high street was developed in 2017 as well as residential apartments, investment in ,local businesses, roof gardens, electric boulevard, apple london campus, 24,000 sq ft, won garden of the year and hold eveents presently such as the 2010 conservative party manifesto launch, 22 million visitors since opening, 17% growth
32
why is there a need for regeneration
economic improvement, attract inward investment and create jobs which is a spin off of social benefits eg reduction in poverty and deprivation
33
challeneges when regenerating a place
-persuading people that it is needed
-deciding what regeneration is most appropriate and effective
-made more difficult due to variation of people-lived experiences, perception and place attatchment, and
34
what are lived experiences
accumulated experience of living in a particular place-percpetion, values and identity, general developmennt and outlook
35
what is perception
picture/image of reality held by a person from assessment of received information
36
what is place attatchment
emotional bond between person and a place, influenced by lived experience and duration of residence
37
what are the economic and social inequalities in regeneration
inequalities in employment and different levels of income, affect peoples ;perception of places, lived experience and sense of security that comes with feelings of attatchment, often coloured by current fortunes of a place
38
what makes a place successful
high levels of employment, high in migration rate-international and domestic, low levels of deprivation,
39
downsides to a successful place
high property prices, congested roads and public transport, overburdened services
40
what effect does successful place have on public perception
differs according to type of position of people and needs and aspiration, younger people in high earning jobs enjoy fast pace of life eg london and san franciso, unskilled, lower earners and long term unmployed, regulate view in qol, retirees may prefer slower pace of life so they move to less successful places, which have a pleasant climate, sheltered accommodation and good access to healthcare eg torquay, devon
41
san francisco bay background info
central city for culture, commerce and finance in north california, 1900s growth due to gold rush, second most densly populated in usa, 8.7 million people, major financial centre, more successful in la
42
successes of san francisco bay
success-large no. of tech companies, silicon valley, attracted highly skilled graduates, reputation economy energy, cultural vibrancy and tolerance, huge growth in stem biotech, life science, digital media companies, multiplier effect fueled by transportation infrastructure, increase qol, increased skilled workforce, hq and major operations in dropbox, apple, adobe, chervon, hp, google, yahoo
43
problems with success in san francisco bay
demand for all housing has increased, with the working class population being left without homes, lack of affordable housing, loss of character and culture to high tech workers, thousands displaced, tensions, home prices are up 67%, avg price $1.1m, free market exploited, higher than nyc and boston, no fault evictions are used-70% are vulnerable, landlords evict to make airbnbs, unemployment is at 3%, tax laws causes commerical buildings to be incentivised, environmental impact analysis necessary which takes years, second most expensive construction costs in the world, developers prefer to pay large fee than make affordable housing, increase in migration, 8,300 people are homeless
44
indicators an area is unsuccessful
high levels of poverty, deprivation and unemployment, derelict buildings, graffiti, crime and vandalism
45
rust belt background info
economic inequality and technological change cuased a lack of success, north east usa suffered decline in metal manufacturing-detriot, pittsburgh and chicago, once a world leader in coal, steel and engineering, decline in 1950s in deindustrialisation
46
causes of lack of success in rust belt
overseas companies have lower production costs, mining region using machinery, unemployment increases, decline wage in south east usa,
47
detroit before deindustrialisation case study
1960-70s= high employment in factories, lacked public transport as most people could afford to drive cars, only have a less used monorail,people had benefits and bonuses which encouraged workers to work there, was once 5th largest city in usa now 11th, mass skilled economic migration, hitsville and motown,
48
detroit after deindustrialisation case study
business decline, people moved away, empty city, lack of economic activity, urban decay and desolation, ford had $2b loss, general motors have filed for bankruptcy, cars no longer sell, no fuel in gas station, chinese and japanese non union companies opened in south which was cheaper and more efficient, attracted customers, general motors neglected public wants which led to chapter 11 bankruptcy, in 2005, 60-70,000 workers laid off, shift in workforce, bordered houses and disused factories, railway disregarded as well as recession, the value of homes plummeted by 40%,
49
location of beattyville
city in lee county, kentucky, built on banks of kentucky river, in the rust belt of the north east of the usa, does not have a metro area,
50
background information about beattyville
unsuccessful rural area in kentucky, former coal mining industry called coal country, 3 poorest us town, population of 1270, mostly live in trailer homes and log cabins, median household income is $12,000 while national average is $54,000, life expectancy is 68 for men, 8 years below national average and 76 for women, 3 years below national average
51
problems for beattyvile
homelessness has caused families to live together, drug crime and deaths related to drugs are high, drugs are accessible and sold by many including doctors, living below poverty line, only 5% have degrees, 1/3 of teenagers did not graduate high school, half of population is obese due to poor nutrition, many shops and businesses have closed as they give their shops tp payday loan companies and charities, now have an obama phone for those on food stamps which is a free phone that gives 250 mins a month, no more car dealerships, nobody can afford them
52
reasons for decline in beattyville
coal industry declined, produced many social problems, stopped since 1978, current out migration and brain drain
53
4 inequalities that cause regeneration
-sink estates
-declining rural settlements
-gated communities
-commuter villages
54
what are sink estates
housing estates characterised by high levels of economic, social deprivation and crime eg dv, drugs, gang warfare, low income groups in social assitance, segreegated, 2 times more likely to be mental health problems, 4 times more likely unemployed, 9 times more likely to be from a jobless household eg braodwater farm
55
what are declining rural settlements
quality of life and deprivations worsening, 400 village shops, 700 rural pubs closed in 2010, powys, wales, 46.8% were in the top 10 percent of deprivation, less broadband
56
what are gated communities
individual buildings and groups of houses, landscapes, cctv, 24/7 security, 1980s usa built, replicated lwith london docklands, wealthy residents, segegrates from incomes during gentrification
57
what are commuter villages
large proportion of residents commute daily to work in cities, 9% of 19.8million living in rural places live in accessible rural spaces, wealth corridors, good transport links, affluent, low deprivation, do not need local services, regneration focuses on affordable housing
58
why are these 4 areas prioritised for regeneration
perception of living in two extremes differ greatly, as conditions decline, most people leave, eg extreme cases include urban usa where white communities leave inner city (white flight), local percpetions on place, depend on ethnictiy, family structure and age
59
what is level of engagement
degree to which a person participates in their local community and how they feel they belong to a place-reflection of place attatchment
60
indicators of level of engagement
voting in local anmd national elections, membership and participation in local societies, having a circle of local friends
61
what are the trends in general election engagement
historically higher than local elections, however numbers dropped from 82% in 1951 to 66% in 2015, varies geographically as rural engage more than urban, issues change voter patterns, 2014 scottish referendum had an 84% turnout, political engagement goes down as people get more removed form centre of power-voter apathy
62
Gampound Cornwall case study community engagement
Town in Cornwall, people who work I’m. Eat by towns buy things in larger supermarkets, previous general store closed in 2013, when owners retired and they could. It find a buyer, decided to open community shop and coffee shop owned and run by village, 257/280 households agreed, raised over £50k from prince countryside trust, parish council, charities, in 2008 it won a competition. Y energy company calor as second best and south east England’s best community due to the number of clubs and societies create people were willing to stand in elections, and spend free time organising activities, they have a thriving carnival yearly, 14 clubs and organisations, local councillor lives in village and has a newsletter and a 20 stall market of local,produce, give updates on key issues, turnout in parish and county council elections is higher than national average
63
Factors affecting community engagement
Age, ethnicity, gender, time lived in an area, level of deprivation
64
how does age and length of residence effect community engagement
the less time spent in an area, the less attatchement felt, age also gives time to participate in the local area, more likely to participate in local elections
65
how does ethnicity affect local engagement
differ due to local apathy and acceptance
66
how does gender effect community engagement
safety, opinions and stereotypes, inequality, more women participate and care about the community
67
how does level of deprivation affect community engagement
high deprivation=anti establishment view, temporary accommodation and rented may feel less at home
68
factors of perception affecting local area
entertainment, fitting in, roles, participation in community, interest in local changes
69
lived experience
actual experience of living in a particular place, and environment, impact on person's perceptions and values, general development and outlook
70
what is marginalisation
pushed out the edges of a place but dominant, core culture, they live in because languaghe, religion or customs, especially wealth
71
what is exclusion
extreme form of marginalisation, people's access to services and opportunities in restricted
72
what is social polarisation
process of segregation within a society that emerges from income inequality, and economic restructuring, results in clustering of high income and elite professionals , conversely low icnomes social groups dominated by low skilled service jobs
73
how are rural areas affected by place attatchment and community engagement
depennds on towns and cities for key services eg specialised healthcare, higher education and leisure, commuter villages depend on urban for employment, urban rely on rural for food and products, value landscape and environment, urban have more power in democracy than rural, urban residents may feel attatchment to countryside due to tourism
74
how can conflict occur in regeneration
occur among constrasting groups with different views in communities and the priorities and stratregies- lack of political engagement and representation, ethnic tension, inequality and lack of economic opportunity
-process is top down and designed by planners developers and govt
-most schemes are based on economic motives-sales and land value
-groups disagree about purpose of regeneration
-inequality can occur as high incomes will always benefit
-in university towns, studentification attracts new residents with different lifestyles to homeowners
75
what is the main role of national government in regeneration
improve infrastructure of transport by investing, improved accessibility makes area attractive and regeneration sustainable
76
two types of government projects for regeneration
hs2-london to leeds to regenerate northern england
airport development-5th runway at heathrow
77
what is hs2 and what are its economic, environmental and social impacts
high spped railway which will join london, sheffield, leeds, manchester and birmingham, reverses previous govt policy on road networks to focus on rail development, reduces congestion on M6 and M1 and journey times, as it cannot keep up with car ownership and growing population, prevents cost of £22b a year in lost time, increases productivity and reduces costs
econ=60,000 jobs in construction, £41.1b in 60 years in benefits, paid by tax payer, costs £32,7 billion, more costs than benefits
env=affects overall emissions target, passes through area of outstanding natural beauty
social=improved journey times, communities along route will not benefit, visual and noise pollution
78
what is the airport development in heathrow
£18.3bn privately funded, se england main earner of gross value addedm £100b in profit, 114k jobs and 70k new jobs
79
reasons for expansion
prevents delays, needs capacity to compete with other economies, £7bn a year in profit, jobs in construction, business and tourism, closely monitor pollution, new tech for quieter planes and less polluting, a lack of transport infrastructure to meet demands
80
Reasons against expansion
Responsible for 6% of total emissions, could increase to 50%, breaches et nitrous oxide emissions levels and noise pollution, visitors may not stay in London, meaning it would only body airline profits, demand can decrease due to competition, 700 homes will be demolished in Sipson alone, badly located as it flies over the capital city
81
who affects the rate and type of development and regeneration
national and local govt by decisions in general planning laws and restrictions, housing building targets and affordability, permission for fracking etc
82
what policies have the govt made which affect rate and type of development
-local enterprise partnerships (housing infrastructure, economy)
-city deals (local authorities cooperate for development, transport, economic needs, focus on sustainability)
-coalfields regeneration trust and coastal communities fund
-elected mayors eg mayor of london
83
factors affecting rate and type of development
-relaxing planning laws on developing greenfield sites
-providing incentives to encourage building of affordable housing
-allow fracking for regeneration of rural areas
84
types of factors of regeneration policy
-politics of local area
-legacy of past in terms of physical, economic, social
-urban or rural
-external factors eg recession or economic boom
-legacy of past regeneration policies
-degreee of pump priming
-quality of bid for investment
85
what are planning laws and how do they affect development and regeneration
tightly controled by 1948, plan led system, in 2010 govt national plannning policy framework introduced, focused on stimulating economic growth, regulate markets to aloow development to benefit to local communities eg social housing and new roads, mational interests may override local interest in planning decisions
86
what is fracking and how does it relate to development and regeneration
process of drilling down horizontal layers of shale deep underground by injecting mixture at high pressure, release gas trapped in rock, brought to surface, central govt attracted to add to uk energy security and independence, conflict due to areas of landscapes of value, voted to allow in dec 2015, local opposition is rife, local reserves unkown, potential £1.5t potential
87
what are the 4 reasons for housing needs and how do they affect development and regeneration
-rising population=increase immigration and birth rate, need for good healthcare for elderly
-no of households=increased divorce rates, more divided homes
-overseas investors=safe investment, unoccupied
-affordable housing=1980s led to increase in right to buy and decrease in social housing, increasing shortage of sustainablr low income properties
88
what is pump priming
stimulation of economic activity by investment, makes areas attratice to investors
89
what effect does national policies have on international relations
domestic polcies such as fracking and affordable housing can have effects on international levels which have a direct bearing on regeneration
90
types of interational policies set by the uk govt
-deregulating capital markets to attract fdi and private investment in regeneration schemes
-more indirect immigration policies which influence labour, skills and gdp
-national govt invest in infrastructure due to perception of marginal social benefits
91
what deregulation occurred in the uk in 1986
margaret thathcer deregulated the financial sector and replaced the london stock exchange monopoy on share dealings, banks and financial advisers, which gave freedom to individuals to invest, allowing overseas bamks and financial institutions to set up offices, increasing prosperity
92
benefits of deregulation on financial sector
allowed foreign investors to invest in uk without govt approval, which has now led to the banking and finance industry accounting to 30% of the uks gdp, which also lead to regeneration of the london docklands into a financial centre for institutions to thrive
93
what is migration in terms of international policies
increase national gdp, more tax revenue and production, fill shortages, young migrants counter ageing population structure, accelerated after rise in countries in eu in 2004
94
pros of immigration
gaps in labour market filled by economic migrants, improved tax revenue from workers, dependency ratio decreases due to balanced demographic, ageing population, multicultural society, global society
95
cons of immigration
remittance, uk economy lost money to source regions, wage levels decrease overseas workers willing to work for less, strain on public services, tensions in some area due to changing nature of urban landscape, cultural clashes
96
pros of deregulation
london became a financial sector, investment opportunities has increased also for private individuals, canary wharf has become a world city, global hub status and reputation, doubled gdp contribution
97
cons of deregulation
housing and cost of living distortion are and have income inequality increase, increase polarisation, fdi has increased house prices and land values, highly reliant on banking
98
what are enterprise zones and how were they introduced in the uk
designated areas across england that provide tax breaks and govt support, which is great for new and expanding firms
in 2012, it became apart of the govt long term economic plan, success for 635 businesses, attracts £2.4b of rpivate sector investment, build world class facilities and transport links
led to more enterprise zones-must be approved by central govt but suggested by local govt
99
how dop enterpsie zones support businesses
up to 100% business rate discount, up to £275k over a 5 year period, sim[plified local authority, local development orders eg new industrial buildings, ensure superfast braodband, 100% enhanced capital allowances, 8 years given to make investment
100
how do enterprise zones support local communities
established as driving force in local communties for key development sites, consolidate infrastructure and attract businesses and create jobs, kept reveleant local enterprise partnerships and local authority for 25 years to reinvest in local economic growth, represent in local economic growth and significant commitment to long economic growth, unblock ecomic barriers to delivery such as department of transport and defra support advertising environemtnal issues
101
how do enterprise zones affect uk economy
attracts fdi, jobs and businesses, deliver long term, sustainable growth based on cutting edge technology and enterprise, cluster businesses to centre of excellence in key sectors eg in financial centres, biosciences, advanced engineering
102
what are science parks and what are designed to do
designated areas created to promot innovation and act as a hub for advances in high technology eg pharmaceuticals and cyber engineering, attractive areas for inward investment, private and public areas provide attractive environments through purpose built buildings, infrastructure, advice and networking for students and workers
first started in standford univeristy in californa usa now the uk has over 100 athat employes 42k people
103
cambridge science park background and positives
one of the first and largest science parks, built in 1970s on redundant defence site, life science flourished globally, expansion in 2000s attracted foreign tncs eg astrazeneca, 3rd largest uk growth sector, regeneration and investment organisation (rio), aims to reconsolidate golden trianhle of life sciences by 2018 with oxbridge and central london , institute of cancer research and royal marsden hospital are the top 5 global cancer research facilities eg sutton drug discovery complex
104
glasgow case study science park regeneration
was once a shipyard along river clyde, used for shipbuilding, supported industrial region so it collapsed when deindustrialisation occurred as a domino effect, only 3 shipyards survived, 2 owned by bae systems surface ships, managed by city council partnership with scottish government
investment from private property developers encouraged to build homes and shops and restuarants to regenerate residential areas
bbc hq for scotland in 2007 buiilt in glasgow and stv nearby are both former shipyard areas
european capital of culture 1990, uks city of architecture and deisgn in 1999, wealth of architecture invested in burrell collection to create internationally famous art museum and increase tourism, scottish exhibition and conference centre, science centre, titan crane refurbished as visitor attraction and local landmark to make glasgow a leading destination-multiplier effect
105
plymouth case study regeneration background
1960s it was a historical naval city in devon to attract people to see rebuilt city centre, after severe ww2 bombing, it then built open boulevards and pedestrianised streets made it look innovative as well as civic centre being a modernist architecture, economy has then declined and city centre looks dated, shipyards decreased in size and royal navy provides 10% of local gdp, remote and hard to attract investment
central govt cuts forced it to sell to private sector, but vision of pplymouth was created but council and chamber of commerce, new shopping complex in city centre called drake circus was a retail led rengeration, curise terminal attract international tourists, rebranded science park with 70 businesses and 500 employees, two unis and a teaching hospital, attracted medicine and renewable energy companies, proposed sport and lesirue partnership with plymouth argyle fc ton build a new stadium complex
royal william yard=restoration of plymouths most significant buildiingd which is a former navy supply store, carried out restoration by urban splash (a private sector company), historic global building, completed in phases over 20 years, close to new cruise terminal but fat from city centre, tensions occurred about reserving urban environments as the civic centre is plymouths tallest building but needs money to maintain it
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107
severe
108
what are local interest groups
range of players are involed in planning and management of regeneration projects with varying roles, tensions can occur
109
what are the two types of local interest groups
socioeconomic=city and chambers of commerce, addiction treatment centres, youth and retirement groups, trade unions
environmental=local conservation/preservation societies in rural and urban places
110
what demograhic are most influential in local interest groups
more affluent retirees, more active eg winchester deserves better, were successful in preventing development
111
what are tensions with local interest groups created in olympics 2012
clays lane estate was a housing cooperative development/sink estate built in 1977 for vulnerable single people in newham, designated to the olympic village where 430 residents were forced out creating a huge public opposition and even a public enquiry, several small businesses were evicted eg the formans salmon smokery
112
why was regeneration wanted in newham through olympic 2012 and what were the drawbacks and benefits
It has inadequate transport, poor physical appearance, economic deprivation, low employment, 500 acres of brownfield site, stakeholders include newham council, community organisations, national archives, locog, olympic delivery authority
benefits=3000 new homes at low costs, new schools to meet childcare demands, aquatic centre and bike cnetre, 4,000 new tress, 74000 plants were planted, £9b revenue soent on transport infrastructure and an international railway built in stratford, improved public spaces, new housing , 200 hectacres of degraded land turned into olympic park, game makers volunterr program provided 70k volunteers, changing places program to engage local residents,public consultation of supplementary planning documents
drawbacks=affordable housing was still outn of reach , property prices still went up, unemployment still high, buissnesses had to relocate further increasing unemployment, 4000 newts and 300 lizards displaced, concerns over impact on local character, questions about appropriateness, issues with pedestrian routes, displacement of small scale manufacturing businesses
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why was regeneration wanted in winchester and what were the drawbacks and benefits
2008 mixed land use proposal supported by winchester city council, contested by winchester deserves better, 1000 signatures on facebook petition, shcemes was not supported as it lacked affordable housing and it had insensitive architecture in the centre of a historical city, created conflict matrix, locals involed in extensice public consultationm including development of a supplementary planning document, schools encouraged to undertake projects related to the redevelopment, focus groups held to engage young people, £150m project for 200 homes, shops, public spaces, and new bus station scrapped, silver hill development scrapped, led to resignation of council leader, expenditure reached £12 million, tory led council looking at development since 1990s, protests occurred casuing delays in the one way system ,largest in a decade, retail sector, local jobs and housing will decline
benefits=supports to revive run down area, compete with retail developments nearby cities eg baskingstoke, southampton and creation of new housing, imporvement of public spaces and infrastructure
drawbacks=concerns over scale of buildings and imapct on area, questions about appropriateness, issues with pedestrian routes and cycle provision, potential negative effects on traffic flow
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9 regeneration strategies
1.infrastructure to drive economic growth-heathrow expansion, hs2, park and ride, congestion charges
2.tech led enterprise-bristol temple quarter enterprise zone, cambridge science park
3.sustainable communities-bedzed and silvertown
4.sport,art,culture to attract inward invesment and external funding-olympic queen elizabeth park, liverpool city of culture
5.new settlements to relieve pressure-stevenage, milton keynes, bicester (small eco town)
6.improved buildijngs eg liverpool
7.retail led regeneration-liverpool one and planned liverpool waters
8.marketing heritage for tourism-titanic quarter in belfast and southampton
9.themed buildings/recreational-glastonbury, winchester, notting hill carnival
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retail led regeneration effects
national and local govt are involved in retail planning, influence shop types, location of malls, alcoholfree zones, pedestrainised zones, main challenges to high street in competition with shopping centres and rapid growth of internet shopping, govt invested 1b for growth in retail jobs, more click and collect locations, pop up shops, gyms, encourage street markets, and competitions eg britains best high street
-clone town survey
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tourism led regeneration effects
airbnbsm custom built private centres eg centre parcs, purpose built leisure complexes, seaside settlemenmts account for whole areas dedicated tourism, lots of coastal places have renegerated to attract tourism investment, volatile industry-dependent on weather, changes in image, preference, relfects development in tech, social forums and websites, terrorist attacks
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sport led regeneration effects
can be one off but create legacy, media coverage before and after put area on international stage, inward investment-critical spin off, london 2012 olympics- new offices, westfield, digital creatgive hub, whu stadium as a permanent sports venue, 1k new homes, primary secondary schools, nurseries, 3 health centres
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culture led regeneration effects
city of culture to art galleires and cultural spaces, marketed place association in london charles dickens, bristol and banksy, rural areas include thomas hardy dorset, grosmere in lack district with william wordsworth, eden project in cornwall-built on old clay pit
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public and private rural diversification
50% of farms use diversified activity in farmking to boost income, dependent on location, land types, entreprenuearial aspiration or individual farms, supported by govt, and national farmers union, national trust in influential charity in rural areas, largest farm owner nationally and second largest landowner in the uk
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what is diversification
farms, rural areas generate, finding as main source of income, lesiure and tourism
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what are the 3 types of diversification
agricultural-producing and selling and cheeses, farming animals, growing non food crops, energy crops, farm shops, craft-making facilities and rural crafts, climate change and increased opportunities
non agricultural-redunant farm buildings converted to offices, light industry, tea shops, campsites, horse livery, large scale paint balling, clay pigeon shooting, golf, car boot sales, country parks, glastonbury
environmental schemes-funded by defras rural development programme, national englands environmental stewardship scheme, planting woodland
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powys regeneration partnership and leader programme in community led rural regeneration
coordinated and intergrated approach to economic community regenration in a rural area, funded by welsh govt and eu leader programme wuth linked development of the rural area, key sector of funding for deprived local areas, use local knowledge of value of place to promote grass roots, community led development
2011-13=£4m in grants helped 310 businesses and commmunity projects, created 36 full time jobs and 80 saved
2014-20=county council helped deliver support and sustainable tourism, farm diversification, resilient powts, new glamping site, welding workshop, equine/horse enterprises, wildlife tourism, projects show a sense of place
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what is rebranding
creating a new image-represent area to be more attractive for visitors and investors
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what is reimaging
altering perceptions which constitute to the image
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liverpool waters regeneration strategies background
background=18-19th century, huge player in handling imports and exports, 1980=indsutrial decline, docks closed, crime and vandalism increase, economic and social deprivation increased, along river mersey, disued and derelict dock spaces at central docks, underutilised brownfield sites, abandoned indiustrial land, decreased in traiditonal maritime industries, increase unemployment, lack of investment in infrastructure and development, lack of housing and modern amenities, poor connectiviity to city centre, limited public green spaces and community facilities populatio was 1.1 which was a 1.8% decrease as poorer communtiies were pulled in by low house prices and former port workers left to find other jobs, affected by 1989 national recession and hillsborough 1989
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liverpool waters-rebranding, perception, reimaging regeneration strategies
housing led and industrial led, started after race riots in taxleth, merseyside development coroportation reclaimed 4m2 of derelict land to create new housing and jobs, awarded european capital of culture 2008, allowing invesmtent and over £2.8m spent in 2008 alone, boosted economy, 15 million visitors and 7000 culture events, albert docks saw 30% increase, 2004=waterfront was handed unesco world heritage site of important histry, new £19m princess dock with pier head, merseyside ferriers depart, regenerated by extension to leeds, liverpool canal, 3rd visited shopping destination in1960s but dropped in 2002 to 17th then back up to 5th after development of liverpool one shopping centre which mixed retail, transport, warehousing and housing, paradise protection, 160 stores all funded by private sector invesment, 2010 e port created rapid exansion of knowledge economy, major european centre for biotechnology, increased connectedness, participated in eu initiatives, british central govt regional policy etc, atlantic gateway project is 65km long, £75b growth corridor from port, 9000 flats, shops, offcies, cruise terminal and attracted chinese business due to twin city by use of traditional buildings, 55 storey shanghai tower tallest skyscraper outside of london
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liverpool waters regeneration conflicts
unesco placed liverpool on world heratige sites in danger 2012, threatened outstanding universal value , arguements and prioritised economic development over heritage preservation views of iconic landmarks blocked,lack of community engagement due to tensions and lack of cohesive planning
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key players and stakeholders in liverpool waters regeneration strategies
peel l and p, everton fc, liverpool city council, mersey heat, liverpool vision
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what is deindustrialisation
reudction of industrial activity/capacity in a region/economy
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how does rebranding work in deindustrialised places
-rebranding focuses on attractiveness of places
-deindustrialised areas needed comprehension redevelopment, new identity e.g. london docklands or capitalising on historical heritage (telford)
-can act as venues for prestigious national and international events, act both national/international visitors
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glasgow case study rebranding
-ised to have a big industry with shipbuilding, engineering, steel and coal, overseas competition led collapse of industry, and domino effect collapsed more, 3 shipyards survived
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glasgow case study, regeneration process
1.1983=miles better campaign to become euroepan city of culture
2.1993=uk city of architecture snmd design
3.2004-13= attract trade, new hotel chains, conference centres, flight routes by easyjet; uefa cup final 2007, world international gymnastics, european cheerleading gymnastics
4.2014= host turner prize, short listed 2018 youth olympics games, encourage biomedical science, financial services, low carbon industry and higher education
5.present=world athletics indoor championships 24, world irish dancing championship, billie jean king cup 22, cop26
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why is rural rebranding needed
once dominated by primary sector until the shift to outsourcing and offshoring, loss of economic activity, can do leisure led and tourist led- however it is seasonal and temporary, legacies can be created
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strategies in new rural economies rebranding
-develop activities with most employment services rather than primary production, swing towards quality food products, leisure and tourism and environmental management, make money from appeal of landscape, rural environment, and local heritage, mostly post production countryside, accessible or remote
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6 examples of rebranding in rural areas
-capitalising on heritage and literary associations- bronte country
-farm diversification
-outdoor sportss-kielder forest
-adventure tourism
-counter urbansiation-promoting tele-cottaging
-thanatourism/dark and death-londonderry
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kielder water and forest park rural rebranding- outdoor sports
-northumberland, one of the most remote villages in england, largest coniferous plantation, 11km long reservoir, attracts 345k visitors annually, no major funding from govt, revenue from carpark and facilities, conservation and astrotourism (stargazing), man made space-kilder water and forest park
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bronte country rural rebranding- capitalising on heritage and literacy associations
-bleak, wild moorlsnd of pennine hills in west yorkshire, east lancashire, inspiration from bronte sisters books eg wuthering heights and jane eyre, attract visitors and revenue, village of haworth, bronte's birthplace, hotspots for tourists, quaint cobbled high street with small stone housing, once used by textile weavers and presented from early 19th century
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how do economic measures affect assessment of the success of regeneration
long running rather than quick fix, legacy deisred, measured through changes in absolute and/or relative changes in employment, income and poverty
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what is legacy in terms of the success of regeneration
longer term effects of regeneration, positive or negative, judged on reuse of landmarks, amount of govt support, level of private investment, evidence is hard to quantify, many variables are measured against other areas and past conditions
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south glasgow success of regeneration
1950s= original tenements built for victorian workers with repuation of pvoerty, overcrowding, poor amenities
-major redevelopment programme with high rise, concrete tower blocks, hutcheson estate
-poorly constructed and design fostered crime, poor management-led to alternative strategies-crown street 1990
-unemployment fall 31%, between 2004-12, welfare benefits fall by 35%, 16% then 21% in income
-attractive varied deisgns , spacious flats and areas with employment spaces, exceeds average economic growth
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newham success of regeneration
continuing cycle of poverty, in 2014=36% of residents had no recongised income,-double london average, people move out once they better themselves, 50% earned less than london living wage, 20% illegal;, less than minimum wage, near 2012 olympics saw biggest price rises in the country in 2015, 2013=attracted £1b, business park investment by chinese company advance to royal docks
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grampound success of regeneration
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barking and dagenham- changes, measuring, regeneration
changes- 1966=ford women car machines assembly plant went on strike for equal pay, offered good quality of life, employed 40k and council rehousing scheme meant housing quality increase away from slums, 2002= ended car assembly, work done by robots, 3.2k employed, sanofi (pharmaceutical) ended operation after 77 years
deprivation=left legacy of economic, social, environmental deprivation, poor health, derelict land, 2nd most deprived in 2007, 9th in 2015, 27% earn below london living wage, lsoas show unemployment, education, health and housing
regeneration-beam park-in former ford area, 40k m3 of workplace, premier inn and brewers fayre employ locals, town centre=1960s concrete needed refurbishment for retail, commercial, residential use 400+ homes, 1000m2 of commercial space, gasccogine estate=most deprived estate in barking, regeneration provided 1.5k new homes and places of worship, 6000 new jobs, dagenham dock-industrial site, 200 fueland chemical tanks, derelict land, sustainable business area, average income higher than uk an dnewham but lower than tower hamlets
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what is social progress
improvements in the quality of life, health, and welfare of people in a particular area or country
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what are the 4 measures of social progress
-reductions in inequalities
-improvements in social measures of deprivation
-demographic changes-life expectancy and decrease in health deprivation, changes in indicators, imd, and health deprivation
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what is the glasgow effect
The 2010 Marmot Review exposed severe health inequalities in Glasgow, exemplified by a 30-year gap in life expectancy between boys in deprived Calton (54 years) and affluent Lenzie (84 years), just 12 km apart. These disparities, first noted in the 1990s, are linked to deep-rooted social and economic factors, not just individual behaviors. In response, the Scottish government shifted from prohibition-focused policies to health promotion and launched four main initiatives: Equally Well, Achieving Our Potential, a Child Poverty Strategy, and the Early Years Framework. These programs aim to reduce poverty, income inequality, and health inequities, ensuring all children have a strong start in life. Additional efforts include support for youth centers and community programs. The overall strategy reflects the Marmot Review’s emphasis on tackling the social determinants of health across the whole population, not just the most deprived, to create fairer and healthier communities.
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how can regeneration be measured as successful
The Specification asks you to concentrate on the effectiveness of these improvements, in particular:
Reductions in pollution levels
Reductions in abandoned and derelict land (called ‘drosscape’ in the USA).
The IMD has a separate domain called Living Environment Deprivation, which measures the quality of the local environment. There are two subdivisions:
Indoors: the quality of housing including the structure, insulation and central heating provisions.
Outdoors: air quality and number of road traffic accidents.
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how does the quality of the environment related to regeneration
Regeneration that tackles the built environment, such as better transport links, provision and upgrading of retail space, creation of green space, parks and public areas and improvements in housing, will have positive impacts on health and also act as a draw to people to live there.
General improvements in aesthetics, security and safety via neighbourhood redesign (pedestrian zones, lighting, street furniture, public art) and tackling environmental stressors (graffiti, litter and noise) are also common components of regeneration programmes.
The effectiveness of these improvements can be seen through lowering of pollution levels and reduction of derelict land.
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what are stakeholders
individual, groups or organisations with a particular interest in the actions and outcomes of a project/ issue being resolved
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4 types of stakeholders
1.providers=landowners, investors and contractors
2=users/beneficiaries
3=governance=law enforcement, national policy and local officials
4=influencers=action groups, political parties
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what are the 3 roles of stakeholders
1.contested nature
2.impact of policies both national and local in the contested nature
3.evaluation of success of regeneration
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what is the perception of success
can be viewed differently by different stakeholders, views depend on perceptions, attatchments and motives
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7 factors of perception of success
1.stance towards development and change
2.age
3.gender
4.ethnicity
5.personal perception and attatchment
6.personal experiences of change
7.media coverage
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how does globalisation affect the success of regeneration
increases the pace of technoligcal change which has ;ed to planms to trade mobile and educated population and customer base, global level and party politics affect decisions and longetivity, tory govt in 2015 state regeneration for economic, social and environmental outcomes , should be value for money
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salford quays stakeholders rengenerationm case study
cultural flagship project after 19th centruy docks and manchester ship canal was successful before deindustrialisation led to polluted waterways and derelict wasteland, 1980s= commerce, retail, arts and sports, relocated bbc to become uks first media city, £550m, global prestige, desirable residental location and icnrease population, city was a key stakeholder, 2016 apartmentsin nv buildings were on sale for 825k which is not affordable in 2004, dock office=apartment development where 50% was sold to locals, 25 to chinese investors and 25 to overseas, 2012=24/680 bbc jobs given to locals, 2013= demolished cranes which led to upset as it was iconic, changed the name due to industrial sound
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counter idea of percpetion of success of regeneration
rethinking cities says success depends on place details, such as availability of community activities, perception of safety, lack of greenery, sympathetic landscaping, level of funding is less, dulex paint donated paint to humphry davy which was a school in the most deprived area in cornwall, showed social transformation
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what is nimbyism
objection to a proposed project in an area
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what are the reasons and players for nimbyism
reasons- erosion of sense of community and community spirit, displacement, loss of homes, no great return, loss of legacy, negative impact on local economy
players-local residents, homeowners, local council, developers, national govt, olympic committee, newham mayor
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viewpoints of players involved in regeneration
-national govt=reconcilling different interest, longer term projects take priority
-local council=take inequality, local planning decisions, economic, social and environmental
-developers=profit
-local businesses= polarised views- increase customer base, local chamber of commerce give views
-local communities=silent majority, few willing to get involved unlike broadwater farm
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roles of key players in regeneration
-national govt=planning permission amnd pump priming
-local council=regeneration scheme, soft management, permissive arrangements
-developers=funding of schemes
-businesses=lobby councils and invest in schemes
-communities=pressure groups and voting in elections
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economic impacts of olympics 2012
1.£13b into national economy
2.success meant uk was chosen for other events
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social impacts of olympics 2012
1.10k new homes, 3 primary schools, 1 secondary schools and leisure and health spaces
2.uk is not healthier as disadvantaged groups cannot afford
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environmental impacts of olympics 2012
1.lldc had a sustainable vision for 2030
2.new housing is 0 carbon and more water efficient
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3 sources of investment
1.private
2.public
3.public and private partnerships
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what is private investments in regeneration
eg retail led regeneration, australian westfield, 700m, lease space to retail companies, investment and profit led, players include directors, shareholders, employees, increase produce trange and benefit partners, expansions, technology and supply chains, benefits=creative and competitive, costs=services company interest not public
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what is public investment in regeneration
uk govt 2012 games, london assembly and mayor, 9.3b, delivered on time, under budget, and at profit, policy led (mps, officials and local council), infrastructure/public services, too risky for private sector, infrasturcutre eg hs2, major national events, health services, no profit but porvides services, seen as slow, inaccurate delivery time
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what is public+ private partnerships investment
london docklands, market-led, govt and property developers, seen as economic investment, both players, costs is high but shared, housing has govt subsidies, eg nhs, need shared understanding
