Tectonic Hazards Flashcards
What does Cerryntau Darfudol Cause ?
Cerryntau darfudol = drifft yr glannau = platiau dargyfeiriol
Platiau Cydgyfeiriol?
Cefnforl = cefndirol = yr un dwyach (cenforol) yn cael eu amsugno = creu tensiwm = daergynfeudd / creu magma = echodriad volcanig = magma o dan pressure enfawr pan mae’n cael eu creu fel hyn = siambr magma (echdoriad yn crymurd miloedd o blynyddoedd )
Platiau dim yn symud heibio eu golydd yn hawdd ac felly mae tensiwn yn codi = daergrynfeudd
Ffos = where one plate gets pulled under the other = creates a gap
Echdoriad Cydgyfeiriol?
Echodriad cydgyfeiriol = myw ffrydrol = oherwydd mae’n cymrud miloedd o blynyddoedd ac felly mae fwy o egni yn casglu ac felly mae fwy I rhyddhau. Mae’n llai cyffredin oherwydd yr swm o asmer a egni sydd yn anghenrheidiol ar eu gyfer. Pan mae dau plat cydgyfeirol yn symud heibio eu gilydd mae’r un trymach (cefnforol ) yn cael eu tamsugno o dan ac fel canlyniad mae llawer o magma yn cael eu chreu gan arwain at siambr magma.
Ffawtiau Hollt?
Ffawtiau hollts = ymyl 3 plat = 120* = ffin/ rhan o tir yn rhy gwan = cwymp = rhyddhau magma e..e Gulf of Guinea
= holltau
=gwely mor yn lledaenu
= echodria folcanig
= teneuo;r gramen
Ymyl cadwrol ?
nad yw cramen yn cael eu chreu neu eu dinsitrio
Ffirthiant = daergrynfeudd = 🙁
Ring of Fire?
0% of tectonic activity happens on the ring of fire
75% of all volcanoes are dotted along the ring of fireit’s , apparently, houreshoe shapped e.e. mount st helens 1980 = ring of fire
40,000 km long and living it’s best life
Mannau Poeth ?
digwyddiad platiau heb platiau yn fod yn rhan ohono e.e. hawaii
Magma poeth yn gorfodi eu hun trwy’r gramen ac fel canlyniad mae digwyddiad volcanig e.e. Kileua yn Hawaii (active for 23,000 and 90% of it is over 1000 years old = new magma keeps replcaing the old magma )
Os mae plat cefnforl yn drifftio heibio man poeth bydd chain o mountains yn cael eu chreu e.e. yn hawaii (Hawai Emperor Seamount chain )
Profile Peryg Agenda?…. Tinder for Tectonic Activity :)
Amlder, maint, hyd , rhagweladwydd, cyflymder yr digwyddiad, a yr arwyneb a wnaeth e eu effiethio (I would argue that lleoliad should be a part of this because the difference between the center of london and dwyrian Tsiena are two very different stories)
Mynegrif Ffrwythlondeb folcanig ?
gyfaint, hyd, beth sy;n cael eu rhyddhau e.e
Raddfa Ritcher?
faint o egni sy’n cael eu rhyddhau gan yr daergyn yn ystod yr digwyddiad ina times 10 way e.e. a folcano that mesures 6 is 10X more powerful than one that mesures 5
Mercalli?
Dwyster yr Ysgwyd
Llosgfynydd con?
ymyl cydgyfeiriol = llawn silica a nodweddion toddiedig= andesitig
Moves slowly but can cause pyroclastic flows and enormous erruptions e.e. mount fiji japan1707
Llosgfynydd Tarian?
asaltig = llawn haearn a dim llawer o silica = dim yn gludiog iawn
High cinteic enegry = can cause mor damage more quickly.. High mass and high temp- mount kea 1984
Conau lludw ?
unrhyw le mae yna echdoria folcanig
Llifoedd pyroclastig
teithio 700km yr awr , lludw poeth o 1000* = not fun = echodirad ffrwydrol = lafa teithio lan oeri a trwy mewn I solid = criag a lludw = fuego volcano = killed dozens in Guetemala 2018- teithio 70-200 mph
Mount Pelee – pyroclastic flow – killed 30,000 people, 1902
Cwymp Lludw?
= dim yn lladd yn syth
= problemau tymor canolig e.e. probelmau anadlu oherwydd yr gromu yn yr aer. Tirweddu wedi ochruddio yn penyrrau o lludw , cau meusydd awyr e,e, Eyjafallajokull 2010
Nwyon gwnewenig megis CO2 a hydrogen sylffad cael eu rhyddhau
Magma Balisitf
finiau dargyferiol , boethach , fwy hylifol a cyflumach ac yn oeri yn cyflymach
Eyjafjallajökull, Gwlad yr Iâ yn 2010
hain reaction of magma chambers being released , dormant for 200 years and then erupted nearly a dozen times over 10 weeks , decompression wave ripped down and caused the chain reaction, North American plate and eurasio , airlines lost £130 milliwn every day , Eurostar got an extra 50,000 passengers as result so yay them , people living in rural areas had to wear facemasks because the air was so thick, ash contaminated the local water supply
Mount Merapi Indoesia
Erupted 68 times since the sixteenth century and is the most active volcano in it’s region- ‘mountain of fire’- part of the ring of fire, smoke comes out of the top of the volcano 300 times out 365 days a year . Andesitic lava and a very active volcano. Cone shaped.
2010 erruption = more intense than eyjafajallkull and rated a 4 on the VEI ( Volcanic explosivity index )
= 200,000 people were made homeless and 320,000 people were displaced
= no privacy and high disease risk
= 353 people were killed in the explosion and 5000 people were killed ina following eathquake
= tourist opportunities so yay economy ….
Reponses short term
210 evacuation centers were set up with tents
1600 people were apart of the help set up thing (rhaglen elusenol cymorth )
Long term
2682 people were dispaced
Government are giving farmers money to replace their livestock
New prediction system has been put in place 1942 using seismonitors
Gwydnwch
I pa rhaddau all yr ardal ‘recover’ o’r digwyddiad.
Chile (HIC)
Chile = 38th richest country in the world
2010 earthquake , 8.8 ritcher scale and lasted three minutes (usually lasts 10-30 seconds)
Destructive plate aka cydgyfeiriol aka they just wanted a hug
500 killed and 12,000 injured
800,000 people were killed in total
Water and electricity were lost in many areas , cost $30 billion in total
Secondary effect = landslides
Tsunami was triggered
Responses ?
Emergency servies were deployed qucikly and make shift tent hospitald were created
Within 24 hours repairs were made to route 5 road = response teams can go to rural communities
Chilean goverement created 5,000 tempoary shelters and fundraing led to another 30,000
Power and water was restored to the majority of houses to 90% of people withing 10 days
$60 million was raised from donation was not heavily relied on as chile had plenty of savings to fall back on
Preseident of chile announces that recovery would take up to four years
Anghydraddoldeb
gwahaniaeth mewn cyfoeth yn yr ardal
Nepal (LIC)
109/139 countires in the world for richness
2015 , 7.9 magnitude earthquake , epicenter was 80km away from the main city
And originated 15km bellow the surface
9,000 killed, 20,000 injured and 1/3 of nepals popualtion was effected (8 million )
1,4 million urgently needed food and water
Cost $5billion USD
Landslides and avalanches (secondary effect )= blocked rivers
Avalanche on mount everets killed 19 people
International aid came from India, Uk and China
Over £87 million was raised in donations
Half a million tesnt were donated by UNCEF
300,000 people fled to live with family
Gwledydd sydd a MDD <0.55 yn fwy agored I niwed
Dim adeialdu gwrthxseyfll tectonig
Dim addysg are sut I ymateb
Mynediad llai at dwr a bwyd
Japan
Ar fin 4 plat ac yn rhan o’r cylch tan
Yn cael 1,500 daergryn pob blwyddyn ac yn cartref I tua 10% o holl llosgfynyddoedd byd eang
Adeiladau yn cynnwys : shock absorbers - I wneud hyn er mwyn stopio’r adeilad rhag ‘collapse’ = achub bywydau (e.e. 1923 The Great Kanto Earthquake a lladodd 140,000 a magnitude o 7.9 = eisiau osgoi hyn eto)
Daegrynfeudd
igwydd pan mae platiau yn symud yn sydyn o amgylch eu gilydd
Cydgyfeiriol = cramen cyfandforol yn fynd o dan un cyfandirol = ffrithiant rhwng yr 2 plat…
Hypoganolbwyynt = the canolbwynt canolbwynt
Uwchganolbwynt – the canolbwynt but up
Tonnau P= ———– (they come first)
Tonnau S= |||||||||||\
Shock Absorbers?
rocess or enw ‘seismic isolation’ = defnyddio rwber hyd at 30-50cm er mwyn amsugno yr ‘shock waves’ ac felly yn lleihau yr egni sy’n cyrraedd strwythur yr adeilad
Tuned Mass Dampers
pwys yn symud ir ochr cyfeiriol I’r adeilad yn ystod daergryn er mwyn eu stopio rhag cwymp e.e. Taipai101 yn Taiwan
