tectoinic landscapes

Question 1

world distribution of volcanos and Earthquakes

Answer 1

earthquakes
coastal areas and plate boundaries
(destructive & conservative)
-south American & nazca = destructive
-pacific & Philippine & indo-Australian

volcanos 
constructive and destructive 
over hotspots e.g. Hawaiian = 3,700mile chain
-indo Australian and Philippine 
-bottom of Arabian

Question 2

theory of plate tectonics

Answer 2

the world was once one piece of land
it is divided into plates
continents move because they are on plates
evidence = puzzle 
constructive, destructive, conservative

Question 3

why earthquakes occur where they do

Answer 3

coastal areas and plate boundaries

• plates rub which causes friction
• pressure builds on uneven edges
• sudden jolts
• earthquake happens

Question 4

why volcanos occur where they do

Answer 4

occurs at destructive, conservative & where hot spots are

• C02 is trapped when 1 goes under
• it rises in convection current it burst up
• makes a hole where lava come through

Question 5

what are hotspots

Answer 5

places within the mantel
heat rises as a thermal
rocks melt
generates lava.

Question 6

how are volcanos created

Answer 6

high heat and low preasure
base of lithosphere
magma rise though cracks
erupts

usually at hotspots where c02 has burst to make cracks

Question 7

example of hotspot

Answer 7

Hawaiian

• 3,700mile volcanos chain over pacific ocean
• some volcanos = 30,000 ft over sea floor
• more than 80 large volcanos
• runs 200miles
• passages feed volcanos with lava

Question 8

features of convergent (destructive)

Answer 8

pushed together = mountainous ridges
created himalayers
or 1 is pushed under
volcanos and earthquakes form 
Nazca and south American

Question 9

types of convergent (destructive)

Answer 9

oceanic & oceanic:
(eastern pacific)
-no fold mountains
-volcanos produce islands when lava cools
-pacific is sub ducting below the Philippines

continental and oceanic
(west coast of south America)
-oceanic = more dense
-continental goes under oceanic 
-loss of land
-Nazca under south American

continental and continental
(himalayers)
-fold mountain ranges
-no volcano
-eurasion and indo Australian
(caused 2005 Pakistan earthquake)

Question 10

features of divergent (constructive)

Answer 10

• moving away
• volcanos
• no earthquakes
• Nazca and pacific

Question 11

features of conservative

Answer 11

• moving past eachother
• no volcanos
• earthquake from release of pressure
• san adreas fault (san fran) 1989 earthquake
• pacific and north-american

Question 12

characteristics of focus / epicentre

Answer 12

focus = where the earthquake occurs
-it may be many km deep

epicentre = point on the earth’s surface above the focus
-most damage occurs here

Question 13

richter scale

Answer 13

measures strength (magnitude)

logarithmic - each number is 10x the previous
never ending
few are larger than 9
greatest was 9.5 chile in 1960

Question 14

seismometers

Answer 14

measure ground vibraions

Question 15

mercalli scale

Answer 15

measures the intensity of the damage
by observing the ground
12 point scale

Question 16

why people live in areas of volcanic activity

Answer 16

• renewable geothermal energy
• tourism
• hot springs and baths e.g. Iceland
• mining (cool lava = gold,silver&diamonds)
• agriculture (good soil) = sulphur and nitrogen

Question 17

negative effects of volcanos

Answer 17

human

• homes, land, valuables lost
• death and injury
• comminicaton
• destruction of farms
• travel

environmental

• habbits and animals lost
• crops dead from lava and no light from ash
• mass pollution
• temp drop = very cold

Question 18

example of erupting volcano and why

Answer 18

Montserrat, Caribbean island
10x7miles and 25 miles of coastline

1995&1997 eruptions of soufriere
pyroclastic flows of 600 degrees, 70/80 mph
destructive plate boundary (Atlantic plate)

why:
- destructive plate = atlantic under Caribbean
- convection currents pull atlanic into mantle where friction and heat melts the rock
- ^^ increases pressure and causes earthquakes
- hot magma rises to make volcano

Question 19

effects of case study erupting

Answer 19

human:

• communication and travel gone
• 23 died
• half population evacuated (9000 people by 2000)
• water pollution

economic:

• evacuation = less money being made
• Plymouth (capital city) is a ghost town
• airport close = no tourism
• valuables lost and cost to relocate

environmental

• 2/3 island covered in ash
• plants die from lava, less light and heat
• fire ignited volcanic gasses
• ash contaminated river

Question 20

responses to case study erupting

Answer 20

• £41 million in aid by British government
• money given in aid to individuals who migrated
• riots because locals didn’t get enough help
• Montserrat observatory now monitors the volcano
• risk assessments to predict future eruptions

Question 21

predicting and forcasting earthquakes

Answer 21

animals behaviours
minor tremours recorded
electrical signals
patterns and trends e.g. san fran = 1/140years
gas monitors (sulphur dioxide = volcanos)

Question 22

preventing effects before eruption

Answer 22

education:
-earthquake and evacuation drills by government 
-Japan teaches safety in schools
ways to plan ahead
-check for domestic hazards
-identify safe place
-educate youself
-supplies on hand
-emergency communication plans
-help community 

building earth quake proof

Question 23

Tamaki building aukland

Answer 23

earthquake proof

• 2 wings of main building split by a joint
• 10cm joints on all levels of building
• controls movement
• reduces seismic wave impact

Question 24

san fran international airport

Answer 24

earthquake proof

• giant ball bearing
• 267 collums support 1.5 m2 steel ball
• ball rests on concrete “floating”
• ball moves 50cm in any direction

Question 25

preventing effects after eruption

Answer 25

detonating explosives:

• disrupt lava flow
• 1996 Italian army used 7000kg mining explosives
• it blocked lava from from etna to villiage

construction of earthwalls

• deflect lava
• 19995 kilevea in Hawaii
• july 2001 etna, stopped communication&travel hazzard

spaying water:

• cool advancing flow
• used in etna and Iceland
• etna, flows were prevented from reaching a building