technology

Question 1

Consider the following statements regarding Machine to Machine communications (M2M).

Machine to Machine communications refer to automated applications which involve machines or devices communicating through a network without human intervention.
It enables data to be transmitted from one device to another device through wired and wireless communications networks.

Answer 1

M2M communications refer to automated applications which involve machines or devices communicating through a network without human intervention. Sensors and communication modules are embedded within M2M devices, enabling data to be transmitted from one device to another device through wired and wireless communications networks.

Question 2

diff b/w ransomware, phishing, botnet attack and eavesdropping

Answer 2

ransomware- lock files- demand pay
phishing- fake mail ,message
botnet- more traffic

Question 3

Consider the following statements:

1. Gene therapy is as recognized as a new drug in India.
2. Germline gene therapy is prohibited in India.
3. Gene therapy as a treatment option can only be used for inherited diseases and rare diseases.

Answer 3

Gene Therapy refers to the process of introduction, removal or change in content of an individual’s genetic material with the goal of treating the disease and a possibility of achieving long term cure. A gene therapy product (GTP) is thus defined as any entity which includes a nucleic acid component being delivered by various means for therapeutic benefit.
Germ-line gene therapy is applied to germline or gametes which can be transmitted vertically across generations. The concept of germ-line gene therapy is to introduce gene-modified cells into the germline. However, germline or in utero gene therapy is prohibited in India, due to ethical and social considerations. the apex medical research council looks at gene therapy as a treatment option not only for inherited diseases and rare diseases but also for multi-factorial ailments like cancer, diabetes, lung diseases, and neurological diseases.

Question 4

Which of the following statements is/are correct regarding the Zinc-air batteries?

1. Zinc-air cells generate electrical power by using oxygen from the outside air.
2. Zinc-air cells contain toxic compounds and are highly flammable.

Answer 4

zinc-air batteries get one of their main reactants-oxygen-from the outside air. Hence, statement 1 is correct.
Zinc-air batteries are relatively inexpensive to produce and are up to five times cheaper than lithium-ion.
Unlike some batteries used in wireless devices, zinc-air cells contain no toxic compounds and are neither highly reactive nor flammable. In fact, they can be recycled, safely disposed of, or in some cases, recharged with new zinc.

Question 5

With reference to Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells, consider the following statements:

1. It uses a water-based, acidic polymer membrane as its electrolyte, with platinum-based electrodes.
2. It can operate at low temperatures for decentralized power generation systems.
3. It is also known as Proton-exchange membrane fuel cells

Answer 5

Explanation:
Scientists at International Advanced Research for Powder Metallurgy & New Materials (ARCI), Hyderabad, an autonomous R&D Centre of the Department
of Science and Technology (DST), have developed Polymer Electrolyte Membrane fuel cells (PEMFC). PEMFC, in its entireness, has an advantage of
operational capability at low temperatures with applications in decentralized power generation systems. Proton-exchange membrane fuel cells are also
known as polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cells (PEMFC). So, statements 2 and 3 are correct.
The features of PEMFC are:
• It can operate at lower temperature/pressure ranges (50 to 100 °C)
• It has a special proton-conducting polymer electrolyte membrane.
• It generates electricity and operates on the opposite principle to PEM electrolysis, which consumes electricity.
• They are a leading candidate to replace the aging alkaline fuel-cell technology.
Application of PEMFCs mainly focuses on transportation due to their lightweight and potential impact on the environment, e.g., the control of emission
of greenhouse gases (GHG). Other applications include distributed/stationary and portable power generation. PEMFCs for buses, which use compressed
hydrogen for fuel, can operate at up to 40% efficiency. Generally, PEMFCs are implemented on buses over smaller cars because of the available volume
to house the system and store the fuel.
The PEMFC uses a water-based, acidic polymer membrane as its electrolyte, with platinum-based electrodes. The protons pass through the membrane
to the cathode side of the cell while the electrons travel in an external circuit, generating the cell’s electrical output.

Question 6

Consider the following statements in the context of Mitochondrial Replacement Therapy (MRT):

1. It works on the principle of replacing a women’s abnormal mitochondrial DNA (mt-DNA) with the donor’s healthy one.
2. Two elementary approaches by which MRT is performed are pronuclear transfer (PNT) and maternal spindle transfer (MST) only.

Answer 6

Mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) is a new form of in-vitro reproductive fertilization (IVF) that works on the principle of replacing a women’s
abnormal mitochondrial DNA (mt-DNA) with the donor’s healthy one.MRT technique is primarily concerned with the removal of the mutated
mitochondrial DNA of the mother. It saves the progeny from the adverse consequences of mitochondrial disorders by providing healthy mt-DNA to the
child
Elementary approaches by which MRT is performed are pronuclear transfer (PNT), maternal spindle transfer (MST) and polar body genome transfer.
Pronuclear transfer technique: It is an effective approach of MRT administered after fertilization, in which two zygotes are raised in vitro.One of the
zygotes belongs to the biological parents with pronuclei and defective mitochondria and the other to the donor with pronuclei and healthy
mitochondria.
Maternal spindle transfer (MST) technique: It is the technique executed before fertilization and is a form of selective reproduction similar to prenatal
diagnosis and preimplantation genetic diagnosi
Polar body genome transfer (PBT): Two small bodies with unequal cytoplasm and the equal number of the chromosomes as that of the primary oocyte’s
nucleus produced from the mammalian oocyte during the process of oogenesis are referred to as the polar bodies. It is considered the most effective
approach because of the presence of scarce mitochondria with little cytoplasm, which minimizes the possibilities of mt-DNA carryover.