General science

Question 1

1. what is homeostasis?

2. diff b/w germline and somatic mutation

Answer 1

1. maintaining constant internal environment
2. germline passes through sperm/egg, passed to off spring, somatic passes through cell division, doesnt pass off
   3.

Question 2

1. what are lysosomes

Answer 2

1.Lysosomes are cell organelles that protect the cell by engulfing the foreign bodies entering the cell and helps in cell renewal. They are rare in plant cells but always present in animal cells.

Question 3

what is asetiviation

Answer 3

Aestivation is also known as summer sleep. it is defined as the inactivity of the organisms during the summer season in order to reduce their loss of energy through increased metabolic rate

Question 4

Speciation is a process within evolution that leads to the formation of new, distinct species that are reproductively isolated from one another. Consider the following statements in the context of the process of Speciation:

1. Sympatric speciation occurs due to geographical constraints between any two groups of a species.
2. Peripatric speciation is the process of separation of members on the border of a large population to become a new species

Answer 4

Sympatric speciation is the evolutionary process whereby species are formed from a single ancestral species while inhabiting the same geographic area
When small groups of individuals break off from the larger group and form a new species, this is called peripatric speciation.

Question 5

With reference to Cryptobiosis, consider the following statements:

1. It is the condition of active metabolic activity during adverse environmental conditions.
2. Organisms can live for a longer period in this state.
3. Anhydrobiosis is a form of Cryptobiosis.

Answer 5

Cryptobiosis is the condition of inactive metabolic activity during adverse environmental conditions such as desiccation, freezing, and oxygen
deficiency. Many organisms cannot exhibit this phenomenon because freezing or drying disrupts their membranes, which allows the leakage of small
molecules or denatures the proteins. So, statement 1 is not correct.
In this state, the organism can live for a longer period until the conditions are favorable again. So, statement 2 is correct.
In the cryptobiotic state, all measurable metabolic processes stop, preventing reproduction, development, and repair.
Anhydrobiosis, Anoxybiosis, Chemobiosis, Cryobiosis, Osmobiosis are forms of Cryptobiosis.
Anhydrobiosis refers to “life without water.” It means the ability of some organisms to survive in extreme water stress. This has been observed in lichens,
cyanobacteria, yeast, mosses, algae, etc. This state is induced by desiccation