Techniques in Microbiology Flashcards
1
Q
how does bacteria get glucose?
A
they breakdown cellulose cells into enzymes
2
Q
Some bacteria take enzymes from others. Would this mean that the bacteria is stronger or weaker?
A
Stronger because it does not have to use energy to make its own enzymes
3
Q
the breakdown of glucose depends on:
A
the production of enzymes and products of that breakdown
4
Q
the macromolecules carbohydrates consist of:
A
monosaccharides ( sugar), disaccharides, polysaccharides
5
Q
Enzymes change with:
A
pH, temperature, chemistry
6
Q
Chemistry that can changes enzymes are:
A
hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, phosphorus, sulfate
7
Q
Bacterial gnomes are
A
DNA
8
Q
virus gnomes are
A
RNA
9
Q
What is the importance of phosphorus in bacterial replication?
A
Phosphorus is required for the copying of gnomes
10
Q
Enzyme’s most common metal is:
A
iron
11
Q
Bacteria constantly needs
A
phosphate, iron, carbon, nitrogen, sulfate
12
Q
define replication
A
when DNA creates an identical replica
13
Q
define transcription
A
when DNA copies its gene sequence to make RNA
14
Q
define translation:
A
when cells make proteins using genetic information from messenger RNA (mRNA)
15
Q
the speed of DNA replication depends on:
A
ATP ( energy storage)
“good polymer”
Size of gnomes ( smallest is quicker)
16
Q
the bimaker for life is known as
A
rRNA
17
Q
what does rRNA do?
A
checks genetic codes to see if there is a new species
18
Q
Ribosomes are:
A
- essential to life
- universal
- constant regions ( amino acids)
19
Q
nonpolar or uncharged molecules don’t form hydrogen bonds with water are:
A
hydrophobic
20
Q
hydrophobic means:
A
water fearing
21
Q
water dissolves in
A
hydrophilic solutes
22
Q
being hydrophilic refers to:
A
water loving solutes
23
Q
Forms of RNA
A
mRNA, rRNA, tRNA, catalytic RNA
24
Q
mRNA
A
messenger RNA that is transcribed from gene
25
rRNA
ribosomal RNA, part of the ribosome
26
tRNA
transfer RNA carries amino acids to mRNA
27
Catalytic RNA
RNA that catalyzes reactions
28
the purpose of lipids is to
serve structure to membranes of cell
29
characteristics of lipids:
fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipids ( make cell membrane)
30
the lipid bilayer has ___ heads and ___ tails
hydrophilic; hydrophobic
31
membranes of bacteria and eukaryotes are made of
phospholipids
32
phospholipids form the
phospholipid bilayer
33
what creates the internal environment distinct from the extracellular environment?
cell membrane
34
what can pass through membranes?
small nonpolar, hydrophobic, gases pass freely
35
what needs a transporter to pass through the membrane
large polar charged molecules
36
passive transport ____ require an output of energy, movement down a gradient. It is both simple and facilitated diffusion
does not
37
active transport ___ require energy to move substances against their gradient
does
38
define osmosis:
movement of free water molecules from their higher concentration to their lower concentration across a semipermeable membrane.
39
In an isotonic solution:
solute concentrations are the same on the outside and inside. there is no net water movement and the cell remains the same size
40
A hypertonic solution
a solute concentration is higher in the outside than the inside if the cell
water moves out of the cell by osmosis
cell shrinks
41
In a hypotonic solution:
solute concentration is lower outside than inside the cell
water moves into the cell by osmosis
the cell swells
42
the goal for a cell is to be
a. isotonic
b. hypertonic
c. hypotonic
a. isotonic
43
define pumps
membrane proteins that provide active transport of molecules across membrane
44
types of active transport pumps:
uniporter: single molecule/ion
symporter/cotransporter: 2+ ions transported in the same direction
antiporter: 2+ ions transported in opposite directions
45
Which of the following is true of passive transport?
a. It occurs down the concentration gradient.
b. It requires energy expenditure.
c. It occurs against the concentration gradient.
d. It always involves a protein transporter
a. It occurs down the concentration gradient.
46
define endocytosis:
plasma membranes folding inward ( invaginates) to form vesicle that bring substances into cells
47
what are the three types of endocytosis?
phagocytosis, pinocytosis, receptor mediated endocytosis
48
this form on endocytosis transports solid particles, takes in organic matter
phagocytosis
49
this form of endocytosis transports small molecules into vesicles, and waste
pinocytosis
50
this from of endocytosis is specific. For example, it can be specific to glucose
receptor mediated endocytosis
51
____ does not eat. it has things broken down and transported
bacteria
52
Jams and jellies halt growth of bacteria and fungi that would otherwise spoil these foods? Why?
a. The fruits have potent antibacterial compounds that kill these microorganisms
b. The process of boiling the fruits kills the microorganisms
c.Microorganisms cannot utilize sugars and therefore starve to death
d. The high solute concentration dehydrates these microorganisms
e. The high solute concentration causes cells to burst
d. the high solute concentration dehydrates these microorganisms
53
Which of these common food preservation methods does NOT rely on osmotic action?
a. Jams and jellies
b. Salted meats like salted pork or fish
c. Fermented pickles
d. Dried meats like jerky and pepperoni
c. fermented pickles
54
Define staining
method to identify bacteria, can be either gram+ or gram -
55
gram stains detect
peptidoglycan
56
characteristics of gram+ cells
thick peptidoglycan layer (90% of cell weight)
more susceptible to antibiotics
differential w crystal violet ( blue/purple)
57
characteristics of gram- cells
thin layer of peptidoglycan ( 10% cell mass)
more resistant to antibiotics due to having two cell membranes
not differential
58
Cv+ iodine stains peptidoglycan. is it most visible in gram + or - cells and why?
in gram + since it has a larger peptidoglycan layer
59
phospholipids have
hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails
60
fast stains are used for
waxy outer coat bacteria
61
The acid fast stain is used to
differentiate cells with waxy cell walls that contain high amounts of mycolic acid like those of Mycobacterium and Nocardia.
62
mycobacterium causes
tuberculosis stains red
63
nocardia is
found in the lungs from inhalation causing nocardiosis, stains blue
64
Purpose of endospores:
dormant non reproductive resting structures used to survive "tough times"
65
characteristics of endospores
NOT LIVING, no metabolism, hardened to radiation, dessication
66
Schaeffer Fulton endospore stains use heat to drive the primary stain ____ into the endospore
malachite green
67
this stain doesn't stain the cells, but stains the background. This is due to negative charges on the surface of the cells
negative stains ( capsule)
68
Cultures aren't dependable for bacteria identification because
not all bacteria is easily cultured
environment doesn't always work
it takes TIME to culture ( 2-3 days)
69
capsules are a protective layer of the cell
70
what is used for bacteria classification
DNA
71
an inoculum refers to a
sample
72
liquid media ( rapid) refers to:
broth
73
microorganisms grown from an inoculum are called a
culture
74
cultures viable on the surface of a solid media are called
colonies
75
all colonies are assumed to have identical bacteria. exceptions to this are
mutations, changes in bacterial make up
76
cells from a single colony make up
colony forming units ( CFU)
77
Colony morphology studies how
how the colony looks on the plate, not the individual bacteria cells
78
selective media
excludes growth of the same and allows growth of others.
79
differential media:
differentiates different and observes types of bacteria that can grow together
80
Phage Quantification looks for if
1. phages are present
2. determine presence of specific species and strains
81
this method is selective and differential, contains lactose as a carbon source, and isolates gram - and gut bacteria, turns pink with low pH
macconkey agar
82
macconkey agar
83
this method look for
Hypertonic bacteria ( high salt)
carbon source ( manntitol)
gram + staphylococci
will turn red/ yellow if ferments mannitol
mannitol salt
84
___ is considered good staph by fighting for space, keeping bad staph off
staphylococcus epidermis
85
____ is considered bad staph and can be enter via skin infx, abscesses, food poisoning, pneumonia, endocarditis, meningitis, sepsis
methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus ( MRSA)
86
this method is not selective, enzymes produce LYSE RBC, is used to determine hemolysis in organisms. tests for beta, alpha, and gamma hemolysis
Blood agar
87
Examples of Beta: complete hemolysis
streptococcus hemolyticus from medical devices, usually from skin contact
streptococcus pyrogens: puerperal fever, strep throat , rheumatic fever
88
Biofilm
thick layer of bacteria, difficult to clean, stacked on one another
89
Alpha: incomplete hemolysis example
streptococcus viridans: occurs on gumline, endocarditis, can destroy heart valves
90
Alpha will come up
green
91
beta will come up
clear around colony
92
gamma hemolysis will show
no effect on red cell
