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Microbiology > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Characteristics of Clostridia

A
  • form endospores
    -produce endotoxins
  • produce exoenzymes
    -obligate anaerobes
  • treated with penicillin G
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2
Q

Exotoxins ___ need cell death in order to be released. They can be released at ___ point of the cell lifecycle and export from the cell.

A

dont;any

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3
Q

ENDOtoxins are released ___ cell death

A

at

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4
Q

What does it mean to be an obligate anaerobe?

A

it means the bacteria grows at low levels of oxygen and are killed at high levels of oxygen

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5
Q

EXOenzymes means that the enzyme is produced where?

A

outside of the cell

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6
Q

characteristics of clostridium botulism

A

-obligate anaerobes
-in soil globally

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7
Q

if ingested clostridium botulism in ADULTS ( is/is not) an infection, it (is/isnt) an intoxication

A

IS NOT AN INFECTION, IS AN INTOXICATION

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8
Q

clostridium botulism is the most potent toxin at ___ micrograms

A

.09

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9
Q

you can get clostridium botulism from

A

canned veggies, smoked meat ( alaska), open wounds ( GI surgery)

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10
Q

Do intoxications have fevers?

A

No

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11
Q

do infections cause fevers?

A

yes

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12
Q

symptoms of clostridium botulism in adults include:

A

blurred vison, difficulty swallowing, droppy eyes, slurred speech, respiratory distress

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13
Q

adult and infants with clostridium botulism die due to

A

respiratory failure

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14
Q

toxins of clostridium botulism deactivate at

A

85 C

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15
Q

symptoms of clostridium botulism in infants include:

A

lethargic, constipation, weak cry, poor muscle tone

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16
Q

infants with clostridium botulism experience an

A

infection AND intoxication

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17
Q

most common reason babies get clostridium botulism is from

A

ingestion of honey and corn syrup

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18
Q

clostridium botulism is common with patients who use

A

black tar heroin ( dirty needles)

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19
Q

TOXINS of clostridium botulism is used in this cosmetic procedure due to its relaxing effects on facial muscles. it does this by blocking ___

A

botox, acetylcholine

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20
Q

clostridium botulism is diagnosed with __ cultures. these methods are

A

CBI Agar ( selective isolation)
mouse injection ( if it dies, positive)

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21
Q

clostridium botulism has similar symptoms to

A

stroke, eaten lambert

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21
Q

clostridium botulism has similar symptoms to

A

stroke, eaten lambert, guillain barre

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22
Q

Gullian Barre

A

increase in protein without pleocytosis (wbc), dx with CSF- spinal tap

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23
Q

botulism

A

normal protein, no wbcs

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24
Q

eaten lambert

A

autoantibodies to presynaptic membrane

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25
Q

myosthenia gravis

A

autoantibodies to acetylcholine receptors

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26
Q

stroke

A

brain imaging

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27
Q

infants are given antitoxins to treat botulism because penicillin g risks

A

an increase of exotoxcins

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28
Q

Shaken foul syndrome

A

when a horse has botulism, usually happens when they are less than 4 weeks old from ingestion of bacteria in contaminated soil.

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29
Q

what percentage of cattle die from botulism from contaminated soil

A

65%

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30
Q

dogs and cats can/cannot be infected by botulims

A

cannot

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31
Q

ducks can/cannot be infected by botulism

A

can :( (contaminated soil/water)

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32
Q

Clostridum tetani contracted from

A

implantation of soil with spores

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33
Q

exotoxins of clostridium tetani

A

tetanospasmin encoded in plasmid

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34
Q

symptoms of clostridium tetani

A

consistent contraction of muscle’s, grotesque grinning expression, locked jaw

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35
Q

symptoms of clostridium tetani are treated with

A

benzodiazepines

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36
Q

benzodiapems given to patients with tetnus include

A

ativan ( anti antxiety)
diazepam

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37
Q

treatement of clostridium tetani is

A

TIG or tetanus immoglobulin

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38
Q

How does TIG work?

A

it is an antibody against toxins of tetanus and removes unbound toxins

39
Q

once toxins are bound it is

A

permanent, have to wait until new nerve grows

40
Q

common cause of death with patient infected with tetanus is

A

respiratory failure

41
Q

other treatments of tetanus are:

A

booster shots
penicillin G

42
Q

symptoms of animals with tetanus is

A

straight legs and ridged tails

43
Q

clostridum perfringens is from

A

endospores in soil

44
Q

clostridium perfringens is contracted from

A

deep trauma ( gun wounds/stab wounds) or GI surgery

45
Q

myonecrosis means

A

muscle death

46
Q

characteristics of cellulitis

A

spongy ( rice crispy skin)
pockets of gas
anaerobic ( no O2)

47
Q

clostridial myonecrosis:

A

forms pores within cell muscles to make exotoxins ( alpha toxin)

48
Q

exhales ___ which causes a rotten egg smell and ___ which is flammable

A

hydrogen sulfide ( H2S) methane ( CH4)

49
Q

the first step to treat clostridial perfringens is to give antibodies. these are:

A

zosyn, vancomycin ( for mrsa) and gentamicin ( gram -)

50
Q

the second step to treat clostridal perfringens is debridement. this means to

A

remove dead tissue

51
Q

the third step to treating clostridial perfringens is oxygen exposure. this is done by

A

hyperbaric O2 : takes with pressure and high oxygen to kill bacteria

52
Q

clostridial perfringens is diagnosed with a

A

finger print test, with finger print remains on skin after pressing it, that means gas is present

53
Q

fournier gangrene is common in

A

diabetic ( foot ulcers) obese, old ( scrotum )

54
Q

the death rate of tramua patients with clostridial perfringens is _

A

25%

55
Q

the death rate of non traumatic patient is ___ because __

A

65% ; not immediately treated

56
Q

mortuary gas in H2S can form

A

c. septicum and c. naemolyricum

57
Q

clostridium perfringens is deadly if not treated immediately

A
58
Q

clostridium perfringens can cause

A

urinary and rectal infections

59
Q

Characteristics of Clostridium Difficile

A

Forms endospores on oxygen conditions
Obligate anaerobe
Antibiotic associated diarrhea

60
Q

How does clostridium difficile work?

A

It forms endospores until all other die off, then blooms once there is no competition.
It binds to receptors of the intestinal wall
Releases toxin A or toxin B

61
Q

Toxin A of Clostridium Difficile causes

A

Causes diarrhea

62
Q

Toxin B of clostridium Difficile causes

A

Toxins go to cells in the colon
INDUCES HOST CELL APOPTOSIS

63
Q

Apoptosis means

A

Programmed cell death

64
Q

Symptoms of Clostridium Difficile

A

Abdominal pain, cramping

65
Q

Dx of clostridium Difficile

A

Visible blood stools, inflammation
White, yellowish pus, blood in colonoscopy
Elevation of WBC
C Diff test

66
Q

Clostridium Difficile causes a ___ then ___

A

Infection, then intoxication

67
Q

Elevated WBC means

A

There is an infection

68
Q

After units symptoms of clostridium Difficile, ___ can form followed by ___

A

Baúl perforation; peritonitis

69
Q

Baul perforation means

A

Fissure in gut

70
Q

Peritonitis means

A

Bacteria from gut goes into colon cavity

71
Q

Drugs for Tx of clostridium Difficile

A

Metronidazole, vancomycin

72
Q

Why is using antibiotics not the best tx for c diff?

A

It is treating an antibiotic caused infection/intoxication with antibiotics

73
Q

Catabolism vs Anabolism ?

A

Catabolism: metabolic breakdown of complex substances to simpler ones (exergonic)

Anabolism: a phase of metabolism when simpler substances are synthesized to complex (endergonic)

74
Q

What is Redox?

A

Chemical reactions in which electrons are shared, gained or lost in a chemical reaction

75
Q

LEO the lion says GER

A

Lose electrons oxidation
Gains electrons oxidation

76
Q

Reduced compound A (reducing agent) -> ____ -> ____

A

A oxidized, loosing electrons-> oxidized compound A

77
Q

Oxidized compound B ( oxidizing agent) -> ____ -> ____

A

B reduced gaining electrons -> reduced compound B

78
Q

Extra cellular enzymes are

A

Cellulose> cellulase > cellubiase> beta glucase> glucose>

79
Q

Glycosis produces

A

2 NADH* on bottom
2ATP

80
Q

Acetylcholine synthesis produces

A

2xNADH* on bottom
2x CO2

81
Q

Krebs cycle produces

A

2 ATP top
2RADH2* up
4NADH*middle
4CO2 bottom

82
Q

I e-

A

NAPH
NAD

83
Q

II 2e-

A

FADH
FAD

84
Q

III

A

4H+

85
Q

IV

A

2H+

86
Q

H2O equals

A

2O + 1/2 O2

87
Q

ATP PASE LETS IN

A

3 H+

88
Q

How does cattle (cows/ horses) get Clostridia septicum

A

Feccal route in soil
Already exist in their muscle

89
Q

How does colostrum septicum work in the body

A

Gas accumulation in tissues
Quick death
Exotoxin release ( intoxication)

90
Q

How is clostridium septicum treated

A

Fatal but is tried to be treated with open wound exposure

91
Q

Clostridium haemolytricum and clostridium novyi both active with

A

Liver damage

92
Q

Clostridium haemolytricum is also known as

A

Red water disease

93
Q

Clostridium haemolytricum is contracted from

A

Raising cattle on irrigated pastor

94
Q

Animals with Clostridium haemolytricum already had ___ which is why they got it

A

Liver damage

95
Q

Clostridium haemolytricum works on animals by

A

Ingestion of flatworms that form anaerobic pockets ( clostridium gas)

96
Q

Symptoms of Clostridium haemolytricum

A

Jaundice
Red Urine ( release of exotoxins lysing rbc)

Microbiology (4 decks)

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