Exam 2 Flashcards by Sarah Esparza

Characteristics of Clostridia

form endospores
-produce endotoxins
produce exoenzymes
-obligate anaerobes
treated with penicillin G

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Exotoxins ___ need cell death in order to be released. They can be released at ___ point of the cell lifecycle and export from the cell.

dont;any

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

ENDOtoxins are released ___ cell death

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What does it mean to be an obligate anaerobe?

it means the bacteria grows at low levels of oxygen and are killed at high levels of oxygen

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

EXOenzymes means that the enzyme is produced where?

outside of the cell

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

characteristics of clostridium botulism

-obligate anaerobes
-in soil globally

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

if ingested clostridium botulism in ADULTS ( is/is not) an infection, it (is/isnt) an intoxication

IS NOT AN INFECTION, IS AN INTOXICATION

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

clostridium botulism is the most potent toxin at ___ micrograms

.09

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

you can get clostridium botulism from

canned veggies, smoked meat ( alaska), open wounds ( GI surgery)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Do intoxications have fevers?

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

do infections cause fevers?

yes

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

symptoms of clostridium botulism in adults include:

blurred vison, difficulty swallowing, droppy eyes, slurred speech, respiratory distress

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

adult and infants with clostridium botulism die due to

respiratory failure

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

toxins of clostridium botulism deactivate at

85 C

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

symptoms of clostridium botulism in infants include:

lethargic, constipation, weak cry, poor muscle tone

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

infants with clostridium botulism experience an

infection AND intoxication

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

most common reason babies get clostridium botulism is from

ingestion of honey and corn syrup

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

clostridium botulism is common with patients who use

black tar heroin ( dirty needles)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

TOXINS of clostridium botulism is used in this cosmetic procedure due to its relaxing effects on facial muscles. it does this by blocking ___

botox, acetylcholine

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

clostridium botulism is diagnosed with __ cultures. these methods are

CBI Agar ( selective isolation)
mouse injection ( if it dies, positive)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

clostridium botulism has similar symptoms to

stroke, eaten lambert

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

clostridium botulism has similar symptoms to

stroke, eaten lambert, guillain barre

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Gullian Barre

increase in protein without pleocytosis (wbc), dx with CSF- spinal tap

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

botulism

normal protein, no wbcs

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

eaten lambert

autoantibodies to presynaptic membrane

myosthenia gravis

autoantibodies to acetylcholine receptors

stroke

brain imaging

infants are given antitoxins to treat botulism because penicillin g risks

an increase of exotoxcins

Shaken foul syndrome

when a horse has botulism, usually happens when they are less than 4 weeks old from ingestion of bacteria in contaminated soil.

what percentage of cattle die from botulism from contaminated soil

65%

dogs and cats can/cannot be infected by botulims

cannot

ducks can/cannot be infected by botulism

can :( (contaminated soil/water)

Clostridum tetani contracted from

implantation of soil with spores

exotoxins of clostridium tetani

tetanospasmin encoded in plasmid

symptoms of clostridium tetani

consistent contraction of muscle's, grotesque grinning expression, locked jaw

symptoms of clostridium tetani are treated with

benzodiazepines

benzodiapems given to patients with tetnus include

ativan ( anti antxiety) diazepam

treatement of clostridium tetani is

TIG or tetanus immoglobulin

How does TIG work?

it is an antibody against toxins of tetanus and removes unbound toxins

once toxins are bound it is

permanent, have to wait until new nerve grows

common cause of death with patient infected with tetanus is

respiratory failure

other treatments of tetanus are:

booster shots penicillin G

symptoms of animals with tetanus is

straight legs and ridged tails

clostridum perfringens is from

endospores in soil

clostridium perfringens is contracted from

deep trauma ( gun wounds/stab wounds) or GI surgery

myonecrosis means

muscle death

characteristics of cellulitis

spongy ( rice crispy skin) pockets of gas anaerobic ( no O2)

clostridial myonecrosis:

forms pores within cell muscles to make exotoxins ( alpha toxin)

exhales ___ which causes a rotten egg smell and ___ which is flammable

hydrogen sulfide ( H2S) methane ( CH4)

the first step to treat clostridial perfringens is to give antibodies. these are:

zosyn, vancomycin ( for mrsa) and gentamicin ( gram -)

the second step to treat clostridal perfringens is debridement. this means to

remove dead tissue

the third step to treating clostridial perfringens is oxygen exposure. this is done by

hyperbaric O2 : takes with pressure and high oxygen to kill bacteria

clostridial perfringens is diagnosed with a

finger print test, with finger print remains on skin after pressing it, that means gas is present

fournier gangrene is common in

diabetic ( foot ulcers) obese, old ( scrotum )

the death rate of tramua patients with clostridial perfringens is _

25%

the death rate of non traumatic patient is ___ because __

65% ; not immediately treated

mortuary gas in H2S can form

c. septicum and c. naemolyricum

clostridium perfringens is deadly if not treated immediately

clostridium perfringens can cause

urinary and rectal infections

Characteristics of Clostridium Difficile

Forms endospores on oxygen conditions Obligate anaerobe Antibiotic associated diarrhea

How does clostridium difficile work?

It forms endospores until all other die off, then blooms once there is no competition. It binds to receptors of the intestinal wall Releases toxin A or toxin B

Toxin A of Clostridium Difficile causes

Causes diarrhea

Toxin B of clostridium Difficile causes

Toxins go to cells in the colon INDUCES HOST CELL APOPTOSIS

Apoptosis means

Programmed cell death

Symptoms of Clostridium Difficile

Abdominal pain, cramping

Dx of clostridium Difficile

Visible blood stools, inflammation White, yellowish pus, blood in colonoscopy Elevation of WBC C Diff test

Clostridium Difficile causes a ___ then ___

Infection, then intoxication

Elevated WBC means

There is an infection

After units symptoms of clostridium Difficile, ___ can form followed by ___

Baúl perforation; peritonitis

Baul perforation means

Fissure in gut

Peritonitis means

Bacteria from gut goes into colon cavity

Drugs for Tx of clostridium Difficile

Metronidazole, vancomycin

Why is using antibiotics not the best tx for c diff?

It is treating an antibiotic caused infection/intoxication with antibiotics

Catabolism vs Anabolism ?

Catabolism: metabolic breakdown of complex substances to simpler ones (exergonic) Anabolism: a phase of metabolism when simpler substances are synthesized to complex (endergonic)

What is Redox?

Chemical reactions in which electrons are shared, gained or lost in a chemical reaction

LEO the lion says GER

Lose electrons oxidation Gains electrons oxidation

Reduced compound A (reducing agent) -> ____ -> ____

A oxidized, loosing electrons-> oxidized compound A

Oxidized compound B ( oxidizing agent) -> ____ -> ____

B reduced gaining electrons -> reduced compound B

Extra cellular enzymes are

Cellulose> cellulase > cellubiase> beta glucase> glucose>

Glycosis produces

2 NADH* on bottom 2ATP

Acetylcholine synthesis produces

2xNADH* on bottom 2x CO2

Krebs cycle produces

2 ATP top 2RADH2* up 4NADH*middle 4CO2 bottom

I e-

NAPH NAD

II 2e-

FADH FAD

III

4H+

2H+

H2O equals

2O + 1/2 O2

ATP PASE LETS IN

3 H+

How does cattle (cows/ horses) get Clostridia septicum

Feccal route in soil Already exist in their muscle

How does colostrum septicum work in the body

Gas accumulation in tissues Quick death Exotoxin release ( intoxication)

How is clostridium septicum treated

Fatal but is tried to be treated with open wound exposure

Clostridium haemolytricum and clostridium novyi both active with

Liver damage

Clostridium haemolytricum is also known as

Red water disease

Clostridium haemolytricum is contracted from

Raising cattle on irrigated pastor

Animals with Clostridium haemolytricum already had ___ which is why they got it

Liver damage

Clostridium haemolytricum works on animals by

Ingestion of flatworms that form anaerobic pockets ( clostridium gas)

Symptoms of Clostridium haemolytricum

Jaundice Red Urine ( release of exotoxins lysing rbc)