Techniques and Applications Flashcards
is used to samples at very high speeds that is to as much as 150,000 rotations per minute (rpm)
ultracentrifugation
application of ultracentrifugation
- Splitting two miscible substances
- Examining the hydrodynamic properties of macromolecules
- Purification of mammalian cells
- Division of subcellular organelles
and of membrane vesicles - Eliminating fat from milk to produce skimmed milk
breaks away charged particles
in a fluid using a field of electrical charge. By using this method separation of protein
molecules and DNA is realized through several procedures based on the type, size
density and purity of molecules.
electrophoresis
applications of electrophoresis
- DNA Analysis
- Protein and antibody interactions
- Testing antibiotics
- Testing vaccines
separates molecules depending on their molecular size by filtration through a gel.
Size Exclusion Chromatography (Molecular Exclusion Chromatography)
applications of SEC
a. Purification
b. Molecular weight determination
c. Solution concentration
d. Desalting:
e. Protein building studies:
refers to the different techniques which make use of radiation in order to obtain data on the structure and properties of matter, that is used for solving a
wide variety of analytical problems.
spectroscopy
meaning spirit or ghost
spectron
means looking onto the world
skopein
applications of spectroscopy
- Colorimetric tests that probe different water properties (such as acidity) are now
available in simple kit forms, using visual colormatching or portable colorimeters. - Emission spectroscopy or atomic absorption in the visible and ultraviolet regions
can determine metals in samples of water or solids. - Infrared spectroscopy enables environmental analysts to determine the
concentration of specific compounds in the air mass.
a kind of molecular spectroscopy method that utilizes the wavelength dependent
absorption characteristics of materials in order to identify and quantify certain
substances
absorption spectroscopy
applications of absorption spectroscopy
1.Detection of Impurities
2. Elucidation of organic compounds’ structure.
3.Quantitative analysis
5.Dissociation constants of acids and bases.
6.Chemicalkinetics
7.Quantitative analysis of pharmaceutical substances
8.Determination of molecular weight
the phenomenon where a molecule absorbs light within its
absorption band and then emits this light at longer wavelengths within its emission
band
fluorescence spectroscopy
applications of fluorescence spectroscopy
- Fluorescent probes which is used to qualitatively and quantitatively detect
biological compounds present in low concentration. - Protein structure
- Fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS)
- Fluorescence spectroscopy plays an important function in modern food analysis
- Spectroscopy offers many analytical methods for samples in forensic science
is an analytic technique by
which chemical substances are identified by the sorting of gaseous ions in electric and
magnetic fields according to their mass-to-charge ratios.
mass spectrometry
applications of mass spectrometry
- Identification of the isotopes of the chemical elements and determination of their
precise masses and relative abundances. - The dating of geologic samples.
- Analysis of inorganic and organic chemicals especially for small amounts of
impurities. - Structural formula determination of complex organic substances,
- Determination of strengths of chemical bonds and energies.
a laboratory technique for the study of the internal
structure of crystalline material
X-Ray Crystallography
applications of X-Ray Crystallography
- Forensic examination
- Drug identification
- Bone examination
- Integrated circuits investigation
- Determining atomic structure
use of the ___ phenomenon to study physical, chemical and biological properties of matter.
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
applications of NMR
- Quality control
- Determination of the content and purity of a sample as well as its molecular
structure. - Study chemical structure using simple one-dimensional techniques.
- Determination of protein structure.
- Investigation of molecular dynamics in solution.
- Determination of the molecular structure of solids.
is a technique for obtaining high resolution images of
biological and non-biological specimens.
Electron microscopy (EM)
applications of electron microscopy
- Electron microscopy is often used for industrial purposes to assist in developing
new products and throughout the manufacturing process. - Electron microscopy may be used to characterize and analyze organic materials,
which is important information for mining companies. - Electron microscopy aids in the analysis to provide evidence for crime and law
purposes.
It is used widely to collect data on various
mechanical, functional and electrical properties at the nanoscale including for
topography (surface) studies.
Atomic Force Microscopy
applications of AFM
- Semiconductor science and technology
- Thin film and coatings
- Tribology (surface and friction interactions)
- Surface chemistry
- Polymer chemistry and physics
- Cell biology
- Molecular biology
are scientific instruments that use a highly focused laser beam
to hold and move microscopic objects like atoms, nanoparticles and droplets
Optical Tweezers
applications of optical tweezers
- Entrapment of dielectric spheres, viruses, bacteria, living cells, organelles,
small metal particles, and even strands of DNA. - Confinement and organization (e.g. for cell sorting), tracking of movement
(e.g. of bacteria), application and measurement of small forces, and altering
of larger structures (such as cell membranes). - Study of molecular motors and the physical properties of DNA.
used to measure the ion currents through the membranes of excitable cells; such as neurons, while holding the membrane voltage at a set level.
Voltage Clamp
method is a intracellular recording involving measurement of the voltage difference
across the cellular membrane while injecting constant positive or negative current into
the cell.
Current Clamp
is a laboratory technique for studying currents in living cells.
Patch Clamp
application of voltage clamp, current clamp, patch clamp
cellular biology
This is the process of measuring the amount of heat released or absorbed during
a chemical reaction.
Calorimetry
releases heat
exothermic
absorbs heat
endothermic
applications of calorimetry
- Chemical transformation of biopolymers
- Food characterization
- Organisms
– Bacterial growth
– Thermogenesis of plants
– Metabolism investigation
