Biological Molecules

Question 1

four major classes of biological macromolecules

Answer 1

(carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids)

Question 2

qualifies as the “foundation” element for molecules in living things.

Answer 2

carbon

Question 3

simplest organic carbon molecule

Answer 3

methane (CH4)

Question 4

provide energy to the body, particularly through glucose, a simple sugar.

Answer 4

carbohydrates

Question 5

Carbohydrates can be represented by the formula

Answer 5

(CH2O)n

Question 6

Carbohydrates are classified into three subtypes:

Answer 6

monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides

Question 7

Monosaccharides

Answer 7

are simple sugars, the most common of which is glucose.

Question 8

Plants synthesize glucose using carbon dioxide and water by the process of

Answer 8

photosynthesis

Question 9

The excess synthesized glucose is often stored as

Answer 9

starch

Question 10

form when two monosaccharides undergo a dehydration reaction

Answer 10

Disaccharides

Question 11

a reaction in which the removal of a water molecule occurs

Answer 11

dehydration reaction

Question 12

Common disaccharides include

Answer 12

lactose, maltose, and sucrose

Question 13

is a disaccharide formed from a dehydration reaction between two glucose molecules

Answer 13

maltose

Question 14

A long chain of monosaccharides linked by covalent bonds is known as a

Answer 14

polysaccharide

Question 15

examples of polysaccharides.

Answer 15

Starch, glycogen, cellulose, and chitin

Question 16

are hydrophobic (“water-fearing”), or insoluble in water, because they are nonpolar molecules

Answer 16

lipids

Question 17

Lipids include

Answer 17

fats, oils, waxes, phospholipids, and steroids.

Question 18

such as a triglyceride, consists of two main components—glycerol and fatty acids.

Answer 18

A fat molecule

Question 19

have a long chain of hydrocarbons to which an acidic carboxyl group is attached, hence the name

Answer 19

“fatty acid.”

Question 20

bad” cholesterol

Answer 20

low-density lipoprotein (LDL)

Question 21

is mainly synthesized in the liver and is the precursor of many steroid hormones, such as testosterone and estradiol

Answer 21

cholesterol

Question 22

are made up of a hydrocarbon chain with an alcohol (–OH) group and a fatty acid.

Answer 22

waxes

Question 23

one of the most abundant organic molecules in living systems and have the most diverse range of functions of all macromolecules.

Answer 23

proteins

Question 24

which are produced by living cells, are catalysts in biochemical reactions (like digestion) and are usually proteins.

Answer 24

enzyme

Question 25

are chemical signaling molecules

Answer 25

hormones

Question 26

globular protein

Answer 26

hemoglobin

Question 27

Fibrous protein

Answer 27

collagen

Question 28

permanent changes in the shape of the protein

Answer 28

denaturation

Question 29

an important component of the molecular machinery that harvests energy from glucose.

Answer 29

Cytochrome c

Question 30

Sequence of a chain of amino acids

Answer 30

Primary protein structure

Question 31

Hydrogen bonding of the peptide backbone causes the amino acids to fold into a repeating

Answer 31

Secondary protein structure

Question 32

Protein consisting of more than one amino acid chain

Answer 32

Quaternary protein structure

Question 33

Three-dimensional folding pattern of protein due to side chain interactions

Answer 33

Tertiary protein structure

Question 34

are key macromolecules in the continuity of life. They carry the genetic blueprint of a cell and carry instructions for the functioning of the cell.

Answer 34

Nucleic acid

Question 35

Each nucleotide is made up of three components:

Answer 35

a pentose (five-carbon) sugar, and a phosphate group

Question 36

is the storage form of glucose in humans and other vertebrates, and is made up of monomers of glucose.

Answer 36

Glycogen

Question 37

is one of the most abundant natural biopolymers.

Answer 37

cellulose

Question 38

Cellulose passing through our digestive system is called

Answer 38

Dietary fiber

Question 39

can break down cellulose into glucose monomers that can be used as an energy source by the animal.

Answer 39

Cellulases

Question 40

are the major constituent of the plasma membrane

Answer 40

Phospholipids