Technical Terms Flashcards
adhesive
substance thats capable of bonding materials together by surface attachment
air dried lumber
lumber stacked and stored so that its dried naturally by the exposure to air
allen head
a scre head w a recess requiring a hexagon shaped key, used mainly on machinery
annual growth ring
layer of grownth to the circumference of a tree in a season, easily recogniza le in many woods by the difference in cells formed during the early and late parts of the season. the layer of growth that a tree puts on in one year. can be seen in the end grain of lumber
anthropometric
study that deals with human measurements
applique
applied designs or decorations. sections of wood whjch as been pre cut then glued or tacked to the main body parts of furniture and furniture
apron
frame around the base of a table to which the top and legs are fastened
arbor
stub shaft on a machine to turn blades or other cutting wheels
artificial laminate
surface of plastic. foil or paper printef w a wood grain pattern and bonded to a composite such as a particleboard or medium density fiberboard
awl
pointed instrument that looks oike an ice pick. useful for marking positions when laying out a proj
balluster
columnar form of turned wood, twisted or tapered form of vase shaped columns
banding
narrow strip of the contrasting inlay, framing drawing fronts, table tops, etc.
bark
outer protective layer of a tree
batten
strips of wood used as a brace or cleat across one or more boards
bentwood
wood steamed and bent to form structural members of furniture
bevel
sloping of the edge of a panel of glass in cabinet work. so as to diminish the apparent size of the surface, and to provide a play of light and shade. a sloping edge, planed or chiseled on the edge of any surface
bevel cut
angled cut through a board
bird’s eye figure
mottlrf figure wood grain suggesting birds eye. markings of small spots that resembke birds’ eyes. often found on the wood of sugar maple. prized as a decorative feature in veneer
biscuit joint/plate joint
butt joint thats reinforced w a football shaped “biscuit”. biscuits r usually made from compressed pieces of wood, usually birch. when a biscuit comes into contact w glue, in the joint it swells creating a tighter joint.
blade stabilizers
metal disks approc. 3 1/2” in diameter that go on each side if a saw blade to minimize flexing and trim vibration
board foot
unit of measurement for lumber. its equivakent to a piece of wood 1 inch thk by 12 in wide by 12 in long
bookmatch
successive layers of veneer arranged side by side to resemble a mirror image of esch other. term in veneering where successive pcs of veneer from a flitch are arranged side by sude. properly done bookmatch will resembke a mirror image of the opposite side
boulle work
term loosely applied to a form of marquetry wherein veneers if tortoiseshells and brass and sometimes combined w other materials are applied
bow
defective piece of lumber that has warped along its length
box joint
square shaped finger joints used to join pieces at rught angles. a corner joint made up of interlocking “fingers”
brace and bit
a hand drill w a crank shaped handle w a flat knob on the end, special auger bjts w a square tapered shank fit into a two jaw chuck.
brad
small finishing nail up to 1” long
branding iron
tool for burning a name or logo on to wood, electric, or flame heated
burl
tree or knot or protruding growth that shows up as a pattern in the grain when sliced. used for inlays and veneers. a figured veneer secured from a tree at a place where an abnormal growth of some kind has produced a figure of unusual beauty in the grain. bulges and irregular growths that form on the trunks and roots of trees
burr
a raised ridge of metal used on a scraper to remove wood
butt hinge
square or rectangle hinge of brass or iron, the two leaves are connected by a pin
butt joint
joint where the edges of two boards are against each other. ‘butted’ against the side or end of another member
butterfly hinge
hinge made of iron and resembking a butterfly
butterfly wedge
cleat, shaped like wing of a butterfly, used to fasten andjoining boards
cant
bevel or chamfer, as on an edge
carcase
the body of a piece of furniture w a box like shaoe. the case or box of a piece of furniture, it is the rough framework and structure of the item
carpentry
a process by ehich woodwork materials are manufactured and produced
case hardening
a process by which woodwork materials are manufacured and produced
case hardening
defect in the lumber caused by improper drying. case hardening is caused when a board is dried too fast. the outer layers in a case hardened board are compressed while the inner layers are in tension
casework
all parts that constitute a finished case or cabinet inclusive of doors, drawers, and shelves.
casters
small, swiveling rollers attached to the base or legs to facilitate moving a piece of furniture, first used in thee arly 19th century
chamfer
groove, splayed , or beveled-off corner of a post or molding
channel
groove or fluting cut into a surface asa decorative accent. in upholstery, term applied to vertical tufting
check
lumber defect caused by uneven shrinking of the wood during drying. a checked board has splits which devekop lengthwise across growth rings
clear
board which is free of defects
cleat
strip of wood fastened to a flat surface to brace or strengthen or to prevent warping
common grade lumber
lumber w obvious defects
compass
an instrument for drawing circles consisting of two legs joined at a pivot hinge
compound cut
an angled cut to both the edge and face of a board
compound miter
an angled cut to both the edge and face of a board, most commin use is with crown moulding
contemporary
“of our day” term applied to middle of the road, conservstive modern furniture. simplified traditional. terminology used by manufacturers and retailers alike attempting to appeal to both modernists and traditionalists
core
the foundation upon which veneer mat be applied, usually similar porous wood or chip board
corner blocks
bracket used to reinforce the joints of chair seats and similar structures on the inside. it is used to strengthen the corners of seat frames. can glued, screwed or both
cornice
the top horizontal moulding of the column or piece of furniture, also applied to framework from which draperies are hung
countersinj
special drill bit that allows a screw head to sit flush w the fsce of the material its driven into. a tool that allows you to drill a hole so that the head of a screw will sit flush with the face of a board
cove
concave molding
cubicle
small self contained workspace separated by wall panels. can provide audio, visual, info, and territorial privacy to occupants
cup
defect in the lumber where the face of the board warps up like the letter u
cupping
this is when the edges of a board bend with the grain away from the center to form a concave shape
curl/tiger grain/fiddleback
term to describe what happens to wood as it grows. curly wood looks like sand in the beach or river bottom w repeated ripples in the grain. the grain goes up and down causing the unusual look in the wood
dado
square groove cut with ir across the grain if the wood
dovetail
wedge shaped tenon. joint used in woodwork in which a fan shaped tongue project from one member and fits into corresponding fan-shaped slot cut into the second member. method of joining boards at right angles by interlocking wedge shaped tenons and mortises
dowel
wooden peg that fits into a corresponding hole to reinforce a joint.
dozuki
type if japanese woodworking saw that is used for fine joinery work such as dovetails. BACK SAW - western equivalent
drawer stop
device installed in a cabinet to limit the drawer’s travel
dressed size
dimension of lumber after being surfaced by a planer
dressing
shaping the cutting edge of a chisel to correct the bevel
eight-way, hand -tied springs
each coil spring is placed in the seat by hand and tied into place w teine using a series of interlocking knots
enamel
paint used as over-glaze, made of finely ground pigments and varnish. a hard, glossy wood finish is achieved through brushing and rubbing
engineered wood
wood made from slices if lumber (plywood) or the chios and fibers remain after a tree is milled into lumber (particleboard/fiberboard)
epoxy glue
a two part glue that practically glues anything , including metal to metal.
ewuilibrium moisture content
when the level of moisture in a board is equal to the moisture in thr surrounding air
ergonometrics
study that deals w space planning in relationship w man’s activities, behaviors and movements
ergonomics
human fsctor engineering
escutcheon
fitting over a keyhole or the back plate of a handle. they are usually of metal, but sometimes ivory, bone, or inlaid veneers
face frame
in cabinetmaking a face frame is a flat frame attached to the front of a carcase. the face frame us used to conceal the exposed edges of the plywood panels used to build the carcase
face veneer
high quality veneer thats used for the exposed surfaces on plywood
featherboard
pieces of wood w fingers used to hold material against a fence and or down against the table on oower tools such as a table saw or router
fence
straight guide in a tool such as a table saw or router to keep the material a set parallel distance from the blade or cutter. a straight guide used to keep a board set distance from a blade or other cutters
fiber saturation point
refers to the theoretical point or limit reavhed by wood when only its hygroscopic water remains
figure pattern
refers to the general pattern or design of timber producedon smooth longitudinal surfaces as a result of structural festures like rays, growth rings, and changes in texture or variations in colors. charzcteristic msrkin other than the customary straight grain
filler
a substance that is used to fill the pores and irregularities on the surface of material
fillet
dmall band or fascia used for separating molding, also a small cleat or ledge for supporting loose shelves
finger joint
long tapered fingers used to join material lenghthwise, oftrn used in manufacturing moulding join short lengths
finial
turned cylindrical ornament, often vase-shaped, used as s crownin ornament on furniture. decorative terminal placed vertically to accentuate a point or the ending of a structural feature, such as a post.
flexible polyurethanr foam (fpf)
synthetic foam used in almost all upholstered furniture. higher density = more durable and expensive
flush
any surface level with an adjacent surface
fluting
decoration of parallel grooves , concave and semi circular in section on classical columns and friezes
french polish
process of finishinf w a hu0igh gloss by applying successive films of shellac in spirits
full sizing
drafting an actual size pattern or elev for use of comprehensive guide for production
furniture systems
broad term ——modular workstations including oanels worksurfaces and storage. it is flexible in its set up and can be easily installed, reconfigured, and or relocated
gesso
a substance made of plaster and glue. wc may be molded into ornament of various shapes and which is usually painted or gilded
gilding
woodwork finishing applying coating of gesso and gold leaf
gimp
a woven ribbon used in upholstering to cover the heads of tacks on a piece of furniture
glazing
application over the finish psint of a thin wash coat that is then wiped off thereby subduing the base color. produces a soft, mixed tone
glides
small adjustable feet found at the bottom of panels, desks, and workstationd used for leveling
glue block
wood block usually triangular in cross section, securely glued to an angular joint between two members to ensure greater glue bond area
glue joint
special interlocking grooved pattern thats used to join two pieces, edge to edge, securely
graining
process of painting to resemble the color and figure of wood
green lumber
freshly cut lumber that has not had time to dry
grille
a term applied to ornament composed of turned spindles, decorative wrought iron, or pierced carving, used as a screen over an opening, often fabric backed
gueridon
a small french occasional table with rounded top
hardboard
a generic term for panel manufactured primarily from interfelted lignocellulose fibers consolidated under heat and pressure in hot press
hasp
hinged portion of a hinge lock
heartwood
the older and harder usually darker colored portion of the tree trunk that is being produced into lumber
herringbone
inlay banding in which the alternately slanting grain produces a chevron or herringbone effect
h-hinge
one with exposed, long flat leaves that opened to resemble the letter H
high pressure laminate plastic
thermoset laminated sheets intended as decorative surface finishes
hood
shaped top, usually curved, on a highboy, clock case, etc.
h-stretcher
typical stretcher construction, as in some windsor and chippendale chairs, a stretcher from front to back leg, each side is connected through the middle by a third member
hygroscopic
tendency of wood to absorb and excel moisture as humidity levels chsnge
imbrication
decoration having regularly overlapping tiles, shingles, scales, etc. ivory inlsys
inlay
surface decoration creating by inserting into wood a pattern or representation composed of colored wood or other msterisls such as ivory stone or shell
intaglio
design carved or cut below the surface of a material; opposite of cameo
intarsia
form of wood inlay, esp of other materials such as ivory and metal, derived from oriental
interior trim
refers to wood used as baseboard, railing, chair rail, molding, and door and window trim
japanning
method finishing cabinet work in imitation of the lacer work of japan and china
jig
device to used to hold work or act as a guide in manufacturing or assembly. device used to make special cuts, gude a tool, or aid in woodworking operations
joinery
craft of assembling woodworking joints
kiln
room or bldg where temp, moisture, and the amt of air cirvulstin sre controlled to dry wood
kiln dried
lumber dried by artificial means in warm chambers in which the removal of moisture are gradual, contolled, and regulated
knife edge
single seam on pillows. as distinuished from box edge with two seams
knot
part of a tree where a branch has been overgrown by the tree and incorporated into its trunk
knocked down / RTA
furniture sold unassembled or partially assembled
knuckle joint
joint as at seperaboe leaves of a drop-leaf table, resembling a finger joint
oriental lacquer
high dense finish acquired by tedious padding up and rubbing down of many coats of spirits shellac
modern lacquer
compund of cellulose derivatives
laminate
a thin plastic material used to cover a board. the most common use of laminate is for counter and table tops. brand: formica. product of bonding layers together as in beams or plywood.
landscape panel
wood panel w the grain running horizontally
lathe
machine fir shaping turned parts
lattice
carved criss cross pattern in cutout work
leaf
table top extension. also, decorative motif
linear foot
measurement of thr length of a board
linseed oil
amber colored, fatty oil extracted from cotyledon and inner coats of the linseed. raw oil = pale, no taste and odor. boiled = dark, w bitter taste and unpleasant odor
lumber
logs ehich have been sawn 0, planed, and cut to length
marbling
process of painting wood to simulate marble
marquetry
inlay of contrasting wood into a background of veneer
mate chair
same as captains chair, without arms
medium density fiberboard
particle board compressed to a density of 31 lbs. to 50 lbs. per cubic feet in hot press
millwork
ready made products thst are manufatured at a woodmill or woodworking plant
miter
angle joint formed by two members each of which is cut to 45 degrees
moisture content
refers to the weight of water contained in wood and is expressed as percentage of the weight of oven dry wood
moulding/molding
strip of material w a profile cut on the facing edges, used for trimming
mortise
hole in wood in which tenon or tongue fits
mortise and tenon joint
joinery technique where the tenon from one board fits into the mortise of another
mosaic
inlaid patterns of small pieces, conventional or pictorial in effect
mother of pearl
cut and polished hard internal shell of certain shells used mainly for inlays
oil stain
stain made by dissolving oil aniline colors
opaque finishes
finishes that hides the nat characteristic color and appearance of the material
parquetry
wood veneering inlaid in geometric patterns
particle board / chipboard
consists of partivles of wood bonded together pressed under high temp
patina
green film formed on copper or bronze
peg
a wooden nail used to hold furniture parts together, sometimes exposed to create decorative interest in Early American pieces
Phillips Head
a type of screw head requiring a driver in the shape of a cross (+)
pickled finishes
cloudy white patina over light wood, originally produced by the temoval with vinegar plaster base of the painted wood
pilot bit
a router bit w a bearing at the end of the cutter that rides against the edge of the material or a template to guide the cut
pitch
the number of teeth on a saw blade per inch
pith
the soft core in the center of a log
plain sawn lumber
method of sawing lumber where the log is cut tangental to the growth ri gs. Also called FLAT SAWN when reffering to SOFTWOODS
plumb
term used to describe something that is perfectly perpendicular to the earth relative to gravity. A PLUMB BOB on the end of a string will give you a line that is straight or plumb up and down
plyboard
factory manufactured sheet of wood with pile of thin veneer sheets and solid wood slats on the middle layer core; 3-5 thin slices of wood glued together like a sandwich under high pressure
plywood
several layers of pile of thin wood veneers glued together one on top of the other forming a sheet of wood; a sheet or panel composed of cross bonded assembly of layers and plies of wood veneers
Prototyping
refers to producing three dimensional sample of designed item, either in full size or reduced scale
push stick
tool used to safely push a board through a table saw or other power tool
quartered
method of cutting the log into four quarters through the center, and then into parallel boards in order to produce a grain having a cross section of the rays
quarter-sawn
method of cutting lumber where the annual rings are relatively perpendicular to the face of the board. more dimensionally stable than other forms.
reeding
decoration in the form of parallel ribbing, especially on columns and pilasters or on the legs of furniture
ripcut(ripping)
cut made parallel to the grain of a board
robertson head
screw head requiring a driver with a square tip, also referred to as a socket head
rabbet
rectangular slot or groove in joinery. also a recess in the meeting of stiles of cabinet doors so that one shuts against the other to form a dust proof joint. A GROOVE OR RECESS CUT IN THE EDGE ON A SURFACE TO RECEIVE THE EDGE OF ANOTHER SURFACE
rake
angles of a slanted or splayed member, such as a chair back or table leg that is not strictly vertical
random joints
joints in either veneer or solid board walls or floors in which there is no attempt at matching either grain or width of boards
relief
raised ornament or sculpture in which the carving is raised or above the background
replica
reproduction or copy of a piece of furniture, usually old or historic period; accurately copied from the original in all details of material, technique, detail, and finish.
reproduction
copies of old pieces of historic styles. if made in the period of the original = replica
restoration
period in english history 1660 til 1688, suceding the puritan revolution. first part of the age of walnut. baroque influence. also referred to CAROLEAN, LATE JACOBEAN, OR CHARLES II
rotary cut
mehod of slicing veneer, log of wood cut so it resembles paper coming off a roll
routing
decorative engraved lines made by a portable revolving spindle
routing
decorative engraved lines made by a portable revolving spindle
RTA “Ready To Assemble”
furniture sold unassembled or parially assembled. Sometimes called KD/Knock Down furniture
rule joint
hinged joint, as between a table top and flap, which leaves no open space when the leaf is down
runner
sometimes the rocker of a rocking chair. also a guide strip for a drawer, either on the side or the bottom
sanding sealer
wood finishing material thinned with solvents so that they penetrate the wood and harden the surface to resist penetration of succeeding coats of finishing materials
seasoning
the process of removing the moisture from green wood to improve its workability and stability
shellac
resin flakes dissolved in alcohol used as a finish for wood
slab
a broad flat piece of wood cut directly from the log, often with bark on both edges
stain
a discoloration in wood caused by a fugus or chemical; A DYE OR PIGMENT USED TO COLOR WOOD
starved joint
poorly bonded joint caused by a lack of glue
systems furniture
broad work that encompasses modular work stations. flexible in setup. easily installed, reconfigured, and/or relocated
sapwood
the younger and softer sap-containing and usually light colored portion of the woody stem
scale
relative size, proportion of a piece to its surroundings
shaker furniture
the shakers. religious sect. founded independent communities in he 19th century. produced own furn. simple and straightforward in design, sound constructed and often well proportioned and invariably of local woods. one of the best of rural american types
slip seat
same as “loose seat” separate upholstered wood frame, let into he framework of the chair seat
solid
lumber
solid wood
one single board or plank of wood or also several wood boards or blocks that are glued together
spindle
round stick or turned wood of varied forms often used as a decorative ornament or part of wooden furniture. a thin turned member. orften tapered or molded. used in chair backs.
spiral turning
twisted turned work. typical in the 17th century. favored in germany and flanders. in less robust forms they are found in he late 17th century english work.
suite
a set of matched furniure for a particular room. a grp of furn pieces in which a single design theme remains
sunburst
figured grain in wood in which crossfire or divergent rays radiate from a center
taper
diminishing toward a point, characteristic of furniture legs. round or squa
template
pattern to guide the marking or cutting of a shape. often made of hardboard and used w a pilot bit to route a shape in a board
template guide
a jig mounted to the bottom of a router that is used to keep the router on the profile of a template when routing with a non-pilot beating bit
tenon
projection made by cutting away the wood around it to insert into a mortise to make a joint.
toe kick
an indentation designed into the bottom of a cabinet to provide room to allow the user to stand closer to the countertop
tongue and groove
wood joint in which continuous projecting member fits into a similar rabbet or groove
tortoise shell
shell of sea turtle often used for inlays in combination with other materials
transparent finishes
clear finish that allows the natural characteristics, color, appearance of the wood to show through in the final finish
tufting
means of anchoring the cover on upholstered furniture or mattress by sewing through the filler, often with buttons arranged to form a pattern… ROWS OF SQUARES = “BISCUIT TUFTING” // STAGGERED, DIAGONAL FORM = “DIAMOND TUFTING”
turning
apllication of cutting tools to the rotating surface. the device for rotating or turning the wood is called a LATHE
under construction
springs in back and under seat deck of upholstered furniture
underbracing
strengthening a piece of furniture by means of stretchers
varnish
wood finishing material of gum dissolved in linseed oil, applied in films or skins, by brush or spray to protect and beatify the wood surfices
vee joint
tongue and groove boards with their top corners beveled so when the two boards come together a V is formed
velcro
hook and loop tape tape used for attaching fabric to another fabric or mounting board
vinyl
supple, non-woven coated fabric which can be embossed or printed to stimulate other material such as wood, leather, silk, etc. often has a stretchablr knitted elastic backing. supple polymer or elastic resin derived from ethylene that can simulate an assortment of materials
warp
bulging of wood boards due to changes in moisture content. in fabric, threads which run lengthwise
water gilding
thin deposits of gold and mercury on ormolu mounts
webbing
linen or jute bands woven to form support for spring and filler in upholstered furniture. in scandinavian type modern furn w loose cushioning, webbbing is often rubber. in aluminum outdoor furn, plastic webbing is often used aline as support without cushions
wicker
general term for furniture woven of various natural or synthetic materials, such willow, reed, rattan, or spiral twisted paper. particularly used in summer and outdoor furniture
wood filler
a paste composed of powdered quartx base mixed with linseed oil, turpentine, and a dryinf agent used to fill pores of opened grains of wood
wood grain
pattern arrangement of wood fibers. general alignment or direction of the wood fiber and other cells relative to the axis of the tree trunk
wood preservative
treatment solution that prevents decay in wood
wood veneer
thin sheet of wood glued to the carcase of furniture for refinement or decorative effect. thin sheets of wood applied to a core which could be solid wood or engineered wood, for decorative effect. a thinly cut slice of decoratively marked wood glued to a stronger thicker solid wood or plywood backing wood used in the construction if furniture.
yardstick
wooden rule. 36” long
