Technical Questions Flashcards
When do you need an alternate airport?
123 Rule one hour before, to one after your ETA, 2000 feet agl, or, 1500 above the HAT, whichever is higher, and 3 miles visibility, or 2 miles above the straight in minimums, whichever is greater
How do you identify the FAF?
Outer marker or glide slope intercept
What happens to TAS and IAS in a constant mach climb?
Climbing at a fixed Mach number will cause TAS and IAS values to decrease
What are the types of icing?
Clear Mixed Rime only
Holding speed limitations?
Below 6000ft MSL= 200 KIAS
6,001ft-14,000ft MSL= 230 KIAS
14,001ft MSL and up= 265 KIAS
What alternate weather is good enough to be an alternate?
Precision approach 600 ft 2sm
Non Precision approach 800 ft 2sm No instrument approaches must be able to descend from the MEA to airport in VFR
What is the holding speed at 10,000 ft?
230KIAS
What is VDP and where is it on the plate? How can you figure one when not on the plate If published, can you descend below it if visual, is it regulatory
Marked by a “V,” the VDP is the last point at which a descent from the MDA to to the touchdown zone can be made at a stable three degree glideslope.
What the MSA and what does it provide you?
The Minimum Sector Altitude (MSA) is the lowest altitude which may be used which will provide a minimum clearance of 300 m (1 000 ft) above all objects located in the area contained within a sector of a circle of 46 km (25 NM) radius centered on a radio aid to navigation.
What is the DH
Decision Height. The altitude AGL at which a decision must be made to continue on an ILS or execute the missed approach.
When you can descend below DH?
- You are in a continuous position to land using normal descent rate
- You have the required flight visibility
- You have the runway environment in sight
What is the difference between a swept wing and a straight wing?
Swept wing: Higher critical mach number, designed for high speed flight with poor slow flight characteristics. Stalls at the wingtips first. Straight wing: Better at slower speeds. Stalls at the wing root first.
How do you identify MAP if DME fails?
Timing
What are slats and what do they do?
slats are leading edge devices, helps with high stall speed associated with a swept wing aircraft. energizes the boundary layer and changes the camber of the wing to Lower stall speed
What is mach tuck?
Mach tuck is the nose-down pitching movement an aircraft experiences as it passes its critical Mach number (Mcrt
Swept wing advantages
Wing sweep allows a faster airfoil speed before critical mach is reached when compared to a straight wing.
How are Critical Mach, stall speed and altitude related?
As you climb in altitude your stall speed is increasing , your critical mach and stall speed will eventually converge (creating coffins corner)
What is the ILS critical hold short line?
ATC may direct aircraft and vehicles to remain outside of the ILS critical areas when weather is below 800’ ceiling AND/OR visibility is below 2SM and an aircraft is on the approach past the Outer Marker
What is viscous hydroplaning?
Hydroplaning that requires a very smooth surface (ie new pavement, rubber coated pavement). Thin layer of water, low tire speed. Anything more than gentle braking can cause tires to lock
What is maximum speed in class charlie airspace within 4 nm from an airport?
200 Knots
A crew-member must breathe oxygen above how many feet?
Above FL350 when one crew member leaves his station. Above FL410:one crew member wears mask at all times.
What is mach tuck?
Mach tuck is the nose-down pitching movement an aircraft experiences as it passes its critical Mach number (Mcrt).
What is the most dangerous type of precipitation?
Supercooled Water Droplets
What is the airway width communication range guaranteed by MOCA?
MINIMUM OBSTRUCTION CLEARANCE ALTITUDE (MOCA)- The lowest published altitude in effect between radio fixes on VOR airways, off-airway routes, or route segments which meets obstacle clearance requirements for the entire route segment and which assures acceptable navigational signal coverage only within 25 statute (22 nautical) miles of a VOR.
Define V1
V1 is the maximum speed in the takeoff at which the pilot must take the first action ie. (Apply brakes, reduce thrust, and deploy speed brakes: to stop the airplane within the accelerate stop distance. V1 also is the minimum speed in the takeoff, following a failure of the critical engine at VEF at which the pilot may continue the takeoff and achieve the required height above the takeoff surface
When is the ILS Critical area is in effect ?
When instrument approaches are being conducted and the vis is 2 miles or less and/or ceiling 800 feet or less
Runway edge lights are what color (end of runway)?
Runway edge lights are white, except on instrument runways where amber replaces white on the last 2000ft or half the runway length, which-ever is less. The amber lights on the last 2000ft (or last half) on an instrument runway is the caution zone.
What is the DH?
Decision Height. The altitude AGL at which a decision must be made to continue on an ILS or execute the missed approach
Centerline lights are what colors?
white with the last 3,000 feet alternating red and white and the last 1,000 feet red
How do you counteract dutch roll?
Yaw damper, or opposite control inputs to counteract
What is the standard temp lapse rate?
Standard Lapse Rate = -2°C / -3.5°F for each 1000’ increase in altitude
Where would find the T/O minimums (Airport diagram 10-9)
T/O minimums are typically on the back of Airport Diagram in Jep charts
Jepps Charts - how to…what do you want to make sure you include
Just remember to hit all the important points including the effective dates and revision number
What is the touchdown zone elevation?
The highest point on the first 3000 feet of the runway you’re shooting an approach on
What is VDP and where is it on the plate? How can you figure one when not on the plateIf published, can you descend below it if visual, is it regulatory
Marked by a “V,” the VDP is the last point at which a descent from the MDA to to the touchdown zone can be made at a stable three degree glideslope.
Figure your own by dividing 300 to your DH the answer is the distance from the threshhold
Most plates have a DME to the threshold from the localizer just add that to your answer. IE: DH 550….. round up to 600 divide that by 300…. equals 2miles.
Threshold reads 1.5 DME from the Localizer add 1.5 to your 2.0 for a DME of 3.5. you’ve now created a VDP of 3.5 DME
Swept wing advantages
Wing sweep allows a faster airfoil speed before critical mach is reached when compared to a straight wing
Swept wing stall characteristics
tendency to stall tip first (especially if combined with wing taper) due to strong spanwise flow at high angles of attack. This can cause a pitch up at the stall as the CP moves forwards and in
What is critical mach?
It is the Mach number at which the airflow over some point on the aircraft reaches the speed of sound
Define V2
Takeoff Safety Speed: V2 is the minimum speed that needs to be maintained up to acceleration altitude, in the event of an engine failure after V1
What is a MOCA
Minimum Obstruction Clearance Altitude. Lowest published altitude in effect between radio fixes meeting obstacle clearance requirements and ensures navigation signal coverage within 22 nm of VOR
Minimum altitude for turbine aircraft to enter the traffic pattern in Class D airspace?
1,500AGL
What is the Final Approach Fix on a non-precision (Approach plate)
Maltese cross
you get to DA and see approach lights, what can you do?
Descend to 100ft above the TDZE.
In the event of an approach that uses ALSF-1 or ALSF-2 lighting system you may use that as “runway environment” and continue descent to landing if the red terminating bars or red side row bars are also distinctly visible
When you can descend below DH?
3 items required: 1. You are in a continuous position to land using normal descent rate 2. You have the required flight visibility 3. You have the runway environment in sight
What the MSA and what does it provide you?
The Minimum Sector Altitude (MSA) is the lowest altitude which may be used which will provide a minimum clearance of 300 m (1 000 ft) above all objects located in the area contained within a sector of a circle of 46 km (25 NM) radius centered on a radio aid to navigation
When does RVSM airspace start?
FL290
ends at 41,000 feet they asked me that
What does the beacon being on during daytime hours at a towered airport mean?
Visibility is less than 3 miles and/or ceiling is less than 1,000feet
Explain what AC (alternating current) is?
Alternating current (AC), is an electric current in which the flow of electric charge periodically reverses direction, whereas in direct current (DC, also dc), the flow of electric charge is only in one direction
Explain what DC (direct current) is?
DC (direct current) is the unidirectional flow or movement of electric charge carriers (which are usually electrons). The intensity of the current can vary with time, but the general direction of movement stays the same at all times.
What is the max speed limit in Class A?
it is unlawful to break the sound barrier over the contiguous United States
Where do amber lights start on runway?
Last 2000 feet or half runway whichever is shorter
What is coffin corner and what causes it?
Altitude where Mcr (critical mach) and Vs (stall speed) become equal. Aircraft very difficult to control
What happens to the minimums if the TDZ, CL, or ALS is OTS.
Minimums will increase
What are the effects of a forward cg?
More stable, more drag due to added force applied to the tail to compensate for the nose-down tendency, higher stall speed
How long before entering hold do you slow down?
3 minutes
Brief this Jeppesen approach plate; what does LDA stand for in the frequency box?
LDA = localizer type directional aid. It is a Localizer offset upset 30 off rwy centerline
How do you convert for zulu time when reading the taff
The other thing that I generally do is to convert the time I want to fly into Zulu time (“Okay, I’m gonna depart at 10 AM – That’s 1500Z – and fly for 2 hours, to 1700Z”) before I look at the weather products – That way, I only have to do the covnversion once instead of having to go through it to read each line of the TAF/FA/METAR/etc.
What are the airspeed requirements for Class B airspace?
200kts below, but within Class B there is no specific speed restriction outside of the 250kt below 10k rule
What is the difference between a swept wing and a straight wing?
Swept wing: Higher critical mach number, designed for high speed flight with poor slow flight characteristics. Stalls at the wingtips first. Straight wing: Better at slower speeds. Stalls at the wing root first
What is a vortex generator and what does it do?
Small vane attached to a lifting surface that energizes air passing over it to delay airflow separation over that section of the wing
What are Vx and Vy?
Vx is your best angle of climb. Climbing at this speed with get you to an altitude using the least amount of horizontal distance over the ground (used for obstacle clearance usually.) Vy is your best climb rate. Climbing at this speed will get you to your altitude in the least amount of time
What is the purpose of static wicks?
To wick - is to draw off. So static wicks draw off static charge build-up on the airplane
What factors affect turn radius?
bank angle and speed
Explain how a turbine engine works?
Air is drawn through the inlet and into the engine by the 1st stage compressor blades (Suck). It then passes through several stages of compression (Squeeze) into the hot section. Fuel is added and ignited (Burn). The hot gas expands through the tailpipe creating thrust (Blow). The expansion from the tailpipe creates the thrust, and passes through a turbine which turns the compressor blades, turboprop, or turbofan
How do you increase the stall speed of an airfoil?
Increase load factor
What are some things that increase stall speed?
Load factor, forward CG, weight, air density, ice on the wings
If on a final approach, you notice a 20kt increase in airspeed, what do you do?
initiate go around
What makes fog?
Cooled air near its dewpoint
What does the MEA provide you?
Obstacle clearance (1000ft, 2000 in mountainous areas)
How wide is a Victor route?
8 miles wide
How do you identify MAP if DME fails?
Timing
If you have a hung start, what would you do?
Hung start is when a normal light off occurs, but the engine fails to reach idle RPM. Indicated by rising EGT, but no rise in RPM. Shutoff the fuel and continue dry motoring (20-30 secs) to clear unburnt fuel
What is pneumatic air and what is its purpose?
Bleed air taken off the compressor section to be used for multiple different things: starting if aircraft has an pneumatic starter, anti/deicing, pressurization, air conditioning.
DME is required; If you don’t have DME is there any other possible way to shoot this approach?
GPS in lieu of DME
What do the spoilers do on the CRJ?
the primary purpose of the ground spoilers is to maximise wheel brake efficiency by “spoiling” or dumping the lift generated by the wing and thus forcing the full weight of the aircraft onto the landing gear. The spoiler panels also help slow the aircraft by producing aerodynamic drag.
Produce drag and reduce lift on landing
What is the definition of a stabilized approach?
Constant descent to a predetermined point on the runway
What does PL mean in a TAF?
PL Ice Pellets
What does CPDLC mean on the frequency strip of an approach chart?
Controller–pilot data link communications
Other than anti-ice, what other purpose does windshield heating serve?
Windshield heat also provides thermal conditioning for acrylic windshields and makes them more plyable in case of FOD or Birdstrike Impact.
When does the white and red centerline lighting begin?
White until 3,000 feet then alternating red/white for 2,000 feet, last 1,000 feet all red
What are different types of de ice systems?
De ice boots, electric prop heat, weeping wing glycol fluid
What are the three types of hydroplaning?
Viscous,- Oil or rubber mixing with the water
Dynamic, - Water wedge in front lifting tire
Reverted rubber - happens when your tires lock up, the rubber begins to melt, and trapped water under the tire turns into steam. When it happens, you’re riding on steam, and melting your tires in the process.
How does cabin pressurization work?
A source of bleed air or compressed air is required. Usually air from the compressor section of the turbine engine. 2. The compressed air is very hot. So it must go through some kind of cooling unit before reaching the cabin. 3. The cooler, compressed air goes in the cabin to pressurize it. 4. An outflow valve in the rear of the plane will open and close to let out the pressurized air in order to regulate a specific cabin altitud
What are IFR fuel requirements?
Enough fuel to destination plus 45 mins cruise fuel. if alternate is required, enough fuel to destination and to alternate plus 45 mins. Do not forget extra fuel to shoot approaches
What is Vref?
1.3 times the stalling speed in the stated landing configuration and at the prevailing aircraft weight. This is the speed required as the landing runway threshold is crossed at a height of 50 feet in landing configuration if the calculated aircraft performance is to be achieved
What is continuous ignition?
Ignitors are constantly firing. Should be set during heavy precip, maybe takeoff and landing and turbulence depending on ops
What are weather minimums for a LAHSO?
Ceiling is at least 1,000 feet, and visibility at least 3sm
How long are holding legs below 14,000 ft?
Holding legs above 14,000 are 1.5 minutes long
What does RADAR required mean?
The crew can expect to be provided radar navigational guidance while transitioning segments of the approach
Where would you find a squall line?
Along or ahead of cold front
What type of precipitation is freezing rain?
Super cooled water droplets.
What items are included in FAR Part 91.175?
be in a position to make a descent to landing using normal maneuvers and a normal descent rate,
flight visibility equal to or better than minimums published on approach, and identify one of visual references in runway environment.
Can descend to 100’ above touchdown zone if you see approach lighting system. At the 100’ mark, you must see another reference to descend lower.
Other references: red side row bards, red terminating bars (ALSF), runway threshold, threshold lights, REILs, VASI/PAPI, TDZ, TDZ lights, TDZ markings, RWY, RWY lights, RWY markings
If you’re holding at 16,000ft at 265kts how many miles and minutes are your legs?
1.5 minutes, and each leg is 1.5 * 265 / 60 = 6.625 nm (with no wind)
What is occurring above you when you have freezing rain?
There is warm air above you.
What do troughs and isogonic lines mean and look like on a chart?
Troughs look like an orange long dashed line, and the isogonic or isobars are the long grey lines that stretch with a pressure listen on them
What are the secondary flight controls?
Trim, flaps, spoilers
What are the types of de-icing equipment on the plane?
Boots and anti-ice, weeping wing, heated
oXYGEN IS REQUIRED FOR THE PILOT AT WHAT ALTITUDE?
