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MUSIC 140 Midterm 1 > Technical Developments & Their Impacts > Flashcards

Technical Developments & Their Impacts Flashcards

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1
Q

When was the phongraph invented?

A

1877

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2
Q

Who invented the phonograph

A

Thomas Edison

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3
Q

What was the difference between phonographs and gramaphone

A

Phonograph: Cylinder Based,
Gramophone: Disk Based

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4
Q

Where do the names phonograph and gramophone come from?

A

They are brand names (Kleenex)

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5
Q

What was the orignal purpose of a phonograph

A

Business Transcription

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6
Q

What are the limitations of the early phonograph

A

wax cylinders wear out very quickly

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7
Q

When does the transition to disks end?

A

1910

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8
Q

What is the standard disk speed of early records

A

78rpm

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9
Q

Why was the 78rpm standard adopted

A

to allow disks to be used across gramophones

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10
Q

When is the record rotation speed standard set?

A

early 1910s

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11
Q

What was recorded on early recordings?

A

TPA music

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12
Q

What purpose did recordings serve to TPA

A

Sales device: shows a demonstration of the song

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13
Q

How was sheet music sold prior to recordings

A

House musicians would play the songs for customers

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14
Q

why was rural and black music not included in early recordings

A

cultural chauvinism. Those musical styles were less important. Also, there was no money in those genres

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15
Q

When did Commercial Radio take off?

A

1922

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16
Q

When did radio networks form?

A

by the end of the 1920s

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17
Q

What are three of the early radio networks?

A

NBC, CBS, Mutual

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18
Q

what was the first network?

A

NBC- 1928

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19
Q

How did networks operate?

A

Used phone lines to transmit content from coast to coast

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20
Q

Where does network content come from?

A

New York

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21
Q

How does radio affect music consumption

A

changes music from a regional to national

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22
Q

Why was radio successful?

A

Expensive one time purchase, but after that the content is free. Better value, lots of variety

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23
Q

Who revitalized the record industry?

A

Ralph Peer

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24
Q

Why does the record industry begin to record country and race music?

A

Competition from radio

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25
Q

What is the first significant recording by a black vocalist?

A

Crazy Blues: Mamie Smith - 1920

26
Q

What does “Crazy Blues” sound like?

A

TPA (not an actual blues)

27
Q

What lessons did Crazy Blues teach?

A

White audiences will listen to black performers, black community bought records

28
Q

Who created the genres of race and hillbilly music?

A

Ralph Peer

29
Q

Why did ralph peer create race and hillbilly music?

A

Need to differentiate from radio (which played TPA)

30
Q

What is an early example of hillbilly music

A

“Carve that Possum” 1927 Uncle Dave Macon & the fruit jar drinkers

31
Q

Who performs “Carve that Possum”

A

Uncle Dave MAcon and the fruit jar drinkers

32
Q

What year was “Carve that Possum” recorded?

A

1927

33
Q

what instruments are used in hillbilly music

A

fiddle, mandolin, acoustic guitar

34
Q

what characterictics does hillbilly music have

A

emotional detachment

35
Q

What is an example of early Race Music?

A

How Long Blues - Carr & Blackwell - 1928

36
Q

When was How Long Blues recorded?

A

1928

37
Q

Who performs How Long Blues

A

Carr & Blackwell

38
Q

What differentiates How Long Blues from the style of country blues

A

City Blues style. Vocal quality is more chest based (louder), introduces piano. Guitar solo (more than one performer)

39
Q

Why were city blues songs recorded before country blues?

A

City blues (newer style) was closer to the recording companies than rural blues

40
Q

By what date is the record industry saved

A

1930s

41
Q

When was television first demonstrated

A

1927

42
Q

Who invented TV

A

Leo Fornsworth

43
Q

When did experimental TV broadcasts begin?

A

through the 30s

44
Q

When did network TV broadcasting begin

A

1939

45
Q

Why was television preferred to radio by the networks

A

superior advertising medium

46
Q

What impact does the move from radio to TV have on music?

A

Networks sold off their radio licenses to independent stations, allowing for more local content

47
Q

What does BA radio stand for

A

“Black Appeal”

48
Q

What was the first BA radio station

A

WDIA

49
Q

Where was WDIA located?

A

Memphis

50
Q

when did WDIA start directing itself to black consumers

A

1948

51
Q

by what year was BA and country radio a thing

A

1954

52
Q

How many BA stations were there in 1954

A

200

53
Q

What are the two ways of expanding radio reach

A

Higher power stations, linking stations

54
Q

What range could be expected from early high power radio stations

A

several hundred miles

55
Q

How many stations wre on the first coast-coast broadcast?

A

69 (NBC) in 1928

56
Q

What are X stations

A

High power stations in Mexico which were out of FCC jurisdiction

57
Q

What is a clean channel radio station?

A

Radio station with exclusive rights to a frequency (no noise)

58
Q

What are the advantages of radio networks

A

run from 1 location, affiliate content for local stations, effective with clear channel stations

59
Q

What was the view of the use of records on radio in the 1920s

A

Unethical (disk jockey was originally a slur, people didnt want “Canned music”

60
Q

What is an example of an early radio variety show

A

Amos and Andy

MUSIC 140 Midterm 1 (4 decks)

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