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Microbiology Lab- Dr. Modrowski > TEAS- SCIENCE SECTION > Flashcards

TEAS- SCIENCE SECTION Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is biological hierarchy?

List in order from smallest to largest.

A

A way to organize structures in living things from smallest to largest.
**molecule, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

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2
Q

What are the key macro-molecules important to living things?

A

carbohydrates
proteins
lipid
nucleic acid

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3
Q

The_____ is the fundamental unit of life because all life functions can take place there.

A

Cell

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4
Q

What are the 4 basic types of cells?

A

epithelial
connective
nervous
muscular

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5
Q

Cells with the same function are collected into larger groups called?

A

Tissues

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6
Q

Organs are formed from different types of ____?

A

Tissues

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7
Q

What organ has a task to deliver oxygen TO the bloodstream?

A

Lungs

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8
Q

When organs work together to coordinate large scale functions.

A

organ system

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9
Q

The nerves and brain work together to collect and process information in what organ syste?

A

Nervous System

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10
Q

What is an example of an organ system? and how do they work together?

A

The nervous system works with the musculoskeletal system by sending signals to the musculoskeletal system to coordinate movement.

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11
Q

What is the building block of ALL living things?

A

Cell

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12
Q

The nucleus, plasma membrane, cytoplasm, mitochondria etc…. are all examples of _____?

A

Cell Organelles

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13
Q

Mitochondria main function

A

site of energy production

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14
Q

______ _____ cells contain high numbers of mitochondria, which are needed for movement.

A

Skeletal muscle cells

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15
Q

What are a cells basic functions? (3)

A

energy processing
waste exretion
protein synthesis

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16
Q

Which cell organelles work together to build proteins?

A

ribosomes
endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus

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17
Q

What provides structural support & protection for the cell?

A

Cell wall

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18
Q

What part of the cell uses photosynthesis to produce ATP & other sugars?

A

Chloroplasts

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19
Q

What cell structure aids in the transferring of material and movements of whole cells?

A

Cytoskeleton

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20
Q

What cell organelle processes proteins and prepares them to leave the cell?

A

golgi apparatus

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21
Q

What cell organelle aids in digestion and recycling of old cell materials?

A

Lysosomes

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22
Q

Organelle that manufactures ATP in the cell

A

mitochondria

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23
Q

What holds all genetic info such as DNA & conducts the building of ribosomes?

A

Nucleus

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24
Q

This structure maintains the cells environment through the process of selective permeability

A

plasma membrane

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25
Q

Cell organelle that SYNTHESIZES proteins in the cell

A

ribosomes

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26
Q

What structure SYNTHESIZES and PROCESSES lipids in the cell?

A

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

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27
Q

What synthesizes & processes PROTEINS in the cell

A

ROUGH ER

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28
Q

These cell organelle serves as storage for a variety of elements: water, toxins & carbohydrates

A

Vacuoles

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29
Q

Anatomical Position

A 
Human body is erect & facing forward
arms at side
palm facing forward
feet parallel
Arms & Legs are slightly held away from the torso
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30
Q

What are the invisible lines that divide the body into 2?

A

Anatomical Planes

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31
Q

What plane divides the anterior and posterior?

A

Frontal Plane ; Coronal Plane

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32
Q

What plane divides the body into superior and inferior sections?

A

Transverse

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33
Q

What plane divides the body into right and left sections?

A

Sagittal Plane/ Median Plane

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34
Q

The fingers are _____ to the wrist?
( Distal / proximal)

Why?

A

Distal b/c the wrist is closer to the “main body”.

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35
Q

The function ribosomes?

a. protein synthesis
b. energy production
c. cell movement
d. storage of molecules

A

A. Protein synthesis

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36
Q

Because muscle cells require large amounts of energy to function correctly, which organelles would be prevalent in those types of cells?

a. ribosomes
b. mitochondria
c. cytoskeleton
d. cell membrane

A

B. Mitochondria ( if you every hear anything about ATP is probably concerning the mitochondria, they are the “powerhouse” of the cell.

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37
Q

Which of the following organelles is responsible for storing genetic info?

a. lysosomes
b. ribosomes
c. cell membrane
d. nucleus

A

D. Nucleus

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38
Q

In the human body, which of the following organs is in a SUPERIOR position to the lungs?

stomach
brain
spleen
heart

A

Brain

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39
Q

What part of the arm is most distal to the shoulder of the human arm?

A

Fingers

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40
Q

What is the respiratory systems main function?

A

To perform the critical task involved in transporting oxygen from the atmosphere into the body’s cells and removing carbon dioxide from the body’s cells.

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41
Q

The respiratory is specifically structured to maximize surface area for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide.
TRUE/ FALSE

A

True

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42
Q

The surface area of the alveoli in a human lung is equivalent to half the size of a basketball court.

T/F

A

TRUE!!!

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43
Q

The respiratory system mediates the uptake of oxygen needed for ________ and the release of carbon dioxide, which is a _____ ____ for the human body.

A

Metabolism

waste product

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44
Q

The process of bringing oxygen into the lungs is known as _____.

A

Ventilation or Breathing

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45
Q

Respiratory System:

What is the Pathway of air?

A

1) Air enters through nasal openings, moves into the nasal cavity
2) pharynx (throat)
3) larynx
4) trachea.
5) R & L Bronchi
6) Bronchioles
7) Alveoli

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46
Q

Interactions of the Circulatory & Respiratory System:

T/F: The right lung has more space, due to the heart being marginally on the left side. Which makes the right lung a little larger than the left lung.

A

True

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47
Q

The right lung has ____ lobes.

List each lobe.

A

3 Lobes:

Superior, middle and inferior

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48
Q

The left lung has __ lobes.

List them

A

2 Lobes

Superior and inferior

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49
Q

T/F: Each of the lungs lobes are divided into bronchopulmonary segments, each segment receives air from it’s own bronchus and blood from its own artery?

A

True

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50
Q

What is the tough protective double membrane that surrounds lungs lobes? And what surrounds that protective membrane?

A

pleura

pleura fluid

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51
Q

Lungs are located in which cavity?

A

Thoracic Cavity

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52
Q

Describe the HEARTS PULMONARY SYSTEM

A
  • Sends blood low in oxygen & high in carbon dioxide to the lungs
  • The lungs pick up oxygen, while the carbon dioxide is dropped off
  • The capillaries of the circulatory system interact w/ alveoli of the lungs
  • The oxygenated blood is returned to the heart where the systemic circulation sends it to all parts of the body
  • As oxygen is consumed by the cells, the blood becomes deoxygenated and is returned to the heart.
53
Q

Gas exchange in the lungs occurs by a passive transport mechanism called…..

A

Diffusion

54
Q

T/F: The rate of diffusion increases if the distance between the blood cells and alveoli decrease

A

True

55
Q

During diffusion, oxygen in the lungs moves in the ____ and carbon dioxide in the blood moves into the ____.

A

blood

lungs

56
Q

Steps for gas exchange in the lungs:

A

1) Diffusion process- oxygen in the lungs moves into the blood & CO2 in blood moves to lungs
2) Lungs exhale the CO2 back into atmosphere
3) Hearts pulmonary vessels enter lungs, blood has a low concentration of oxy, but the recently inhaled air in the alveoli has a high concentration of oxy compared to capillaries

57
Q

What are the 3 processes that are essential for the transfer of oxygen from the outside air to the blood flowing through the lungs?

A

Ventilation-
Diffusion-
Perfusion

58
Q

What is ventilation

A

movement of air into and out of the lungs: consists of inspiration and expiration

59
Q

The ____ and the _____ ______ of the ribs contract simultaneously to increase the volume of the lungs. Which decreases the pressure in the lungs and _____ in air.

A

Diaphragm / intercostal muscles / draws

60
Q

T/ F: When the diaphragm and the intercostal muscles relax , a reduction in lung volume happens which causes air to be pushed out.

A

True

61
Q

Define: Periodic inspiration

A

inhaling air

62
Q

Define expiration

A

expulsion of air

63
Q

Inhalation and expiration from lungs clear out air rich in ___ ____ and replace it with air rich in _____.

A

carbon dioxide

oxygen

64
Q

What is the “tidal volume”?

A

the amount of air breathed in and out of the lungs

65
Q

A small amount of air rich in carbon dioxide is called…

A

residual capacity

66
Q

The breathing control centers of the brain’s ____ _____ control respiration through monitoring carbon dioxide levels and blood ph.

A

medulla oblongata

67
Q

if blood pH starts to decrease, then respiration rates will increase

to balance carbon dioxide and oxygen levels

True or False

A

True

68
Q

What factors can affect the lung function?

A

Enviromental conditions, genetic factors & pathogens

69
Q

What is asthma and it’s symptoms?

A

Swelling of the airways or from mucus buildup. Difficult to inhale and exhale normal air amounts. Causes SOB, difficulty breathing & wheezing.

70
Q

Environmental pollutants: chemicals, pollen & smoke can impede lung function by damaging _____

A

Cilia

71
Q

What Genetic Conditions can seriously impede lung action? (3)

A

lung surfactant insufficiency,
asthma &
cystic fibrosis

72
Q

What is influenza?

A

an infection caused by a virus that affects many parts of the respiratory system. The virus uses cells in the respiratory system to make new viruses. When the bodys immune system attacks these cells infected by the virus, this is what causes s/s like mucus, pain, and coughing

73
Q

Which of the following structures changes the volume of the lungs?

  • alveoli
  • heart
  • trachea
  • diaphragm
A

Diaphragm

74
Q

How does the structure of alveoli relate to it’s function?

A

The thin walls decrease the distance btw the air and bloodstream, increasing the rate of diffusion. Small and numerous alveoli increase the surface are, which increases the rate of diffusion.

75
Q

What is the primary function of the respiratory system?

A

exchanges oxygen and co2 between the blood and the air in the environment

76
Q

What condition causes narrowing of airways in the respiratory system?

A

Asthma constricts the airways

77
Q

Influenza, bronchitis & pneumonia are all causes by _____ that affect the respiratory system.

A

Pathogens

78
Q

What will occur in the blood if the tidal volume in the lungs increases

A

Increases diffusion of co2 out of the bloodstream.

oxygen will increase in the bloodstream

79
Q

The cardiovascular system is also called….

A

circulatory system

80
Q

The cardiovascular system is responsible for the movement of _____ and ____ around the body.

A

Blood/ Lymph

81
Q

The main functions of the cardiovascular system (4)

A

nutrient distribution
waste removal
communication
protection

82
Q

What are the parts of the circulatory system/cardiovascular system?

A

arteries, veins, capillaries, lymph

83
Q

T/F: The heart is made up of muscle tissue and is splint into 2 chambers.

A

False- the heart has 4 chambers

84
Q

The upper chambers of the heart are called…..

A

“atria”

85
Q

The lower chambers of the heart are called ?

A

Ventricles

86
Q

T/F: the atria and ventricles are attached to veins and arteries that are connected to diff parts of the body

A

True

87
Q

The cardiovascular system transports…..(4)

A

nutrients
wastes
chemical messenger
immune molecules

88
Q

What are the 2 well integrated circulatory systems?

A

Closed circulatory system and open lymphatic system

89
Q

What is the Closed circulatory system ?

A

double loop system consisting of thick walled arteries that transport blood AWAY from the heart, thinner walled veins that transport blood TO the heart and capillaries form network that connect arteries to veins in tissue

90
Q

Capillaries are made of a single layer of …… tissue

A

Endothelium generally lines fully internal pathways

91
Q

What does the open lymphatic system do?

A

circulates and filters interstitial fluid between cells and eventually drains into the circulatory system.

92
Q

T/F: the closed double loop system transports blood

A

True

93
Q

What are the two parts of the closed double loop system?

A

Pulmonary Loop and Systole(systemic) Loop

94
Q

What is the function of the Pulmonary Loop (closed double loop system)?

A

carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs. The lungs then oxygenate the blood and returns oxygenated blood to the left atrium

95
Q

What does the systemic (systole) loop do?

A

Carries oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the body, returning deoxygenated blood to the right atrium.

96
Q

What are the two cycles of contractions in the heart?

A

Systole

Diastole

97
Q

____ indicates contraction of the heart muscles

A

Systole

98
Q

_____ is the relaxation of the heart muscles

A

Diastole

99
Q

Describe the overview of the HEART CYCLE:

A

-ventricles contract (ventricle systole)
-which causes the atrioventricular valves to close
-the empty ventricles are filled by blood pushed out during atrial
systole
-At the same time, semilunar valves in the aorta & pulmonary arteries close (prevents blood from falling back into ventricles)
- These heart contractions are controlled by a “pacemaker” called sinoatrial node

100
Q

The atrioventricular valves in the heart consist of ____ and ____ valves.

A

Mitral and tricuspid

101
Q

The closing of what valves causes the “lub” sound

A

atrioventricular valves (consist of the mitral and tricuspid valvesw)

102
Q

When the ________ valves in the aorta and pulmonary arteries close, this prevents blood from falling back into the ventricles, making the “dub” sound

A

Semilunar valves

103
Q

Heart contractions are controlled by a pacemaker

called _____ ____, which sends out electrical signals.

A

sinoatrial node

104
Q

Arteries have _____ walls to withstand the pressure of blood pumped by the heart.

Veins have walls with a ____ muscle layer and ____ lumen.

A

Thicker

Thinner muscle layer and larger lumen

105
Q

Blood plasma contains ____, _____, _____, and ______

A

nutrients, hormones, antibodies & other immune proteins

106
Q

RBC contain ______

RBC transport oxygen (to/ from) the lungs to the rest of the body.

A

Hemoglobin

From

107
Q

What dissolves in plasma and is removed by the lungs?

A

Co2

108
Q

WBC are divided into 2 main lineages: _____ & _____

WBC defend against?

A

Leukocytes and lymphocytes

Pathogens

109
Q

The open circulatory system’s capillaries drain interstitial fluid that fills the spaces between the cells and filter it through a system of lymph nodes that are enriched in lymphocytes and provide surveillance by the immune system.

T/F

A

True

110
Q

What is Lymph

A

also called lymphatic fluid, is a collection of the extra fluid that drains from cells and tissues (that is not reabsorbed into the capillaries) plus other substances. The other substances include proteins, minerals, fats, nutrients, damaged cells, cancer cells and foreign invaders (bacteria, viruses, etc). Lymph also transports infection-fighting white blood cells (lymphocytes).

Basically plasma with RBC removed

111
Q

Where are lymph nodes found?

A

oral, nasal, genital regions

places where foreign entities can enter the body

112
Q

Lymph nodes

A

Lymph nodes are bean-shaped glands that monitor and cleanse the lymph as it filters through them. The nodes filter out the damaged cells and cancer cells. These lymph nodes also produce and store lymphocytes and other immune system cells that attack and destroy bacteria and other harmful substances in the fluid.

113
Q

List the blood flow through the cardiovascular system:

A
  1. starting in left ventricle- oxygenated blood is pumped to the body
  2. As blood flows through the arteries to capillaries, it transports oxygen to tissues & picks up CO2
  3. The deoxygenated blood returns to the heart through veins
  4. This blood is now deoxygenated & concentrated with CO2
  5. Blood enters the heart through the right atrium & then flows into the right ventricle
  6. Right ventricle pumps the blood toward the lungs, where it pick up oxygen & loses CO2
  7. Blood is then returned to the heart through the left atrium and the cycle starts again.
114
Q

What blood components is responsible for transporting oxygen?

A

Red Blood Cells

115
Q

Which chamber of the heart pumps blood towards the lungs?

A

Right Ventricle

116
Q

Which chamber accepts oxygenated blood from the lungs?

A

Left atrium

117
Q

Which chamber pumps oxygenated blood to the body?

A

Left ventricle

118
Q

Which chamber accepts blood from the body?

A

Right atrium

119
Q

What are Veins?

A

Veins- carry both oxygenated and deoxygenated blood

  • These are blood vessels that take oxygen-poor blood back to the heart.
  • Veins become larger and larger as they get closer to the heart.
120
Q

The superior vena cava function?

The inferior vena cava function?

A

The superior vena cava is the large vein that brings blood from the head and arms to the heart, and the inferior vena cava brings blood from the abdomen and legs into the heart.

121
Q

What two chambers of the heart have thicker walls and why?

A

The right and left ventricles have thicker walls. They use a large amount of pressure to push blood to different parts of the body and this puts a lot of force and pressure on these chambers.

122
Q

What is the purpose of plasma?

A

Helps to control body temp and transport sub.

123
Q

Where does digestion begin?

A

In the mouth with mechanical and chemical digestion

124
Q

In what organ does the breakdown of proteins begin?

A

Stomach

125
Q

What digestive enzyme helps the stomach breakdown proteins?

A

Pepsin

126
Q

What structure absorbs nutrients in the small intestine?

A

Microvilli

127
Q

T/F: Enzymes and hormones aid in digestion but do not absorb

A

True

128
Q

______is a series of wave-like muscle contractions that move food through the digestive tract

A

Peristalsis

129
Q

Describe the mechanical and chemical digestion of a starch or carbohydrate.

A
  1. Starch begins to breakdown in the mouth- chewing breaks the molecules into smaller pieces.
  2. Amylase speeds up the process of starches breaking down
  3. Muscle contraction in the stomach break down food particles into chyme.
  4. In the small intestines, more enzymes release by the pancreas break down the starches into simple sugars

Microbiology Lab- Dr. Modrowski (4 decks)

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