TEAS- SCIENCE SECTION Flashcards
What is biological hierarchy?
List in order from smallest to largest.
A way to organize structures in living things from smallest to largest.
**molecule, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism
What are the key macro-molecules important to living things?
carbohydrates
proteins
lipid
nucleic acid
The_____ is the fundamental unit of life because all life functions can take place there.
Cell
What are the 4 basic types of cells?
epithelial
connective
nervous
muscular
Cells with the same function are collected into larger groups called?
Tissues
Organs are formed from different types of ____?
Tissues
What organ has a task to deliver oxygen TO the bloodstream?
Lungs
When organs work together to coordinate large scale functions.
organ system
The nerves and brain work together to collect and process information in what organ syste?
Nervous System
What is an example of an organ system? and how do they work together?
The nervous system works with the musculoskeletal system by sending signals to the musculoskeletal system to coordinate movement.
What is the building block of ALL living things?
Cell
The nucleus, plasma membrane, cytoplasm, mitochondria etc…. are all examples of _____?
Cell Organelles
Mitochondria main function
site of energy production
______ _____ cells contain high numbers of mitochondria, which are needed for movement.
Skeletal muscle cells
What are a cells basic functions? (3)
energy processing
waste exretion
protein synthesis
Which cell organelles work together to build proteins?
ribosomes
endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
What provides structural support & protection for the cell?
Cell wall
What part of the cell uses photosynthesis to produce ATP & other sugars?
Chloroplasts
What cell structure aids in the transferring of material and movements of whole cells?
Cytoskeleton
What cell organelle processes proteins and prepares them to leave the cell?
golgi apparatus
What cell organelle aids in digestion and recycling of old cell materials?
Lysosomes
Organelle that manufactures ATP in the cell
mitochondria
What holds all genetic info such as DNA & conducts the building of ribosomes?
Nucleus
This structure maintains the cells environment through the process of selective permeability
plasma membrane
Cell organelle that SYNTHESIZES proteins in the cell
ribosomes
What structure SYNTHESIZES and PROCESSES lipids in the cell?
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
What synthesizes & processes PROTEINS in the cell
ROUGH ER
These cell organelle serves as storage for a variety of elements: water, toxins & carbohydrates
Vacuoles
Anatomical Position
Human body is erect & facing forward arms at side palm facing forward feet parallel Arms & Legs are slightly held away from the torso
What are the invisible lines that divide the body into 2?
Anatomical Planes
What plane divides the anterior and posterior?
Frontal Plane ; Coronal Plane
What plane divides the body into superior and inferior sections?
Transverse
What plane divides the body into right and left sections?
Sagittal Plane/ Median Plane
The fingers are _____ to the wrist?
( Distal / proximal)
Why?
Distal b/c the wrist is closer to the “main body”.
The function ribosomes?
a. protein synthesis
b. energy production
c. cell movement
d. storage of molecules
A. Protein synthesis
Because muscle cells require large amounts of energy to function correctly, which organelles would be prevalent in those types of cells?
a. ribosomes
b. mitochondria
c. cytoskeleton
d. cell membrane
B. Mitochondria ( if you every hear anything about ATP is probably concerning the mitochondria, they are the “powerhouse” of the cell.
Which of the following organelles is responsible for storing genetic info?
a. lysosomes
b. ribosomes
c. cell membrane
d. nucleus
D. Nucleus
In the human body, which of the following organs is in a SUPERIOR position to the lungs?
stomach
brain
spleen
heart
Brain
What part of the arm is most distal to the shoulder of the human arm?
Fingers
What is the respiratory systems main function?
To perform the critical task involved in transporting oxygen from the atmosphere into the body’s cells and removing carbon dioxide from the body’s cells.
The respiratory is specifically structured to maximize surface area for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide.
TRUE/ FALSE
True
The surface area of the alveoli in a human lung is equivalent to half the size of a basketball court.
T/F
TRUE!!!
The respiratory system mediates the uptake of oxygen needed for ________ and the release of carbon dioxide, which is a _____ ____ for the human body.
Metabolism
waste product
The process of bringing oxygen into the lungs is known as _____.
Ventilation or Breathing
Respiratory System:
What is the Pathway of air?
1) Air enters through nasal openings, moves into the nasal cavity
2) pharynx (throat)
3) larynx
4) trachea.
5) R & L Bronchi
6) Bronchioles
7) Alveoli
Interactions of the Circulatory & Respiratory System:
T/F: The right lung has more space, due to the heart being marginally on the left side. Which makes the right lung a little larger than the left lung.
True
The right lung has ____ lobes.
List each lobe.
3 Lobes:
Superior, middle and inferior
The left lung has __ lobes.
List them
2 Lobes
Superior and inferior
T/F: Each of the lungs lobes are divided into bronchopulmonary segments, each segment receives air from it’s own bronchus and blood from its own artery?
True
What is the tough protective double membrane that surrounds lungs lobes? And what surrounds that protective membrane?
pleura
pleura fluid
Lungs are located in which cavity?
Thoracic Cavity
Describe the HEARTS PULMONARY SYSTEM
- Sends blood low in oxygen & high in carbon dioxide to the lungs
- The lungs pick up oxygen, while the carbon dioxide is dropped off
- The capillaries of the circulatory system interact w/ alveoli of the lungs
- The oxygenated blood is returned to the heart where the systemic circulation sends it to all parts of the body
- As oxygen is consumed by the cells, the blood becomes deoxygenated and is returned to the heart.
Gas exchange in the lungs occurs by a passive transport mechanism called…..
Diffusion
T/F: The rate of diffusion increases if the distance between the blood cells and alveoli decrease
True
During diffusion, oxygen in the lungs moves in the ____ and carbon dioxide in the blood moves into the ____.
blood
lungs
Steps for gas exchange in the lungs:
1) Diffusion process- oxygen in the lungs moves into the blood & CO2 in blood moves to lungs
2) Lungs exhale the CO2 back into atmosphere
3) Hearts pulmonary vessels enter lungs, blood has a low concentration of oxy, but the recently inhaled air in the alveoli has a high concentration of oxy compared to capillaries
What are the 3 processes that are essential for the transfer of oxygen from the outside air to the blood flowing through the lungs?
Ventilation-
Diffusion-
Perfusion
What is ventilation
movement of air into and out of the lungs: consists of inspiration and expiration
The ____ and the _____ ______ of the ribs contract simultaneously to increase the volume of the lungs. Which decreases the pressure in the lungs and _____ in air.
Diaphragm / intercostal muscles / draws
T/ F: When the diaphragm and the intercostal muscles relax , a reduction in lung volume happens which causes air to be pushed out.
True
Define: Periodic inspiration
inhaling air
Define expiration
expulsion of air
Inhalation and expiration from lungs clear out air rich in ___ ____ and replace it with air rich in _____.
carbon dioxide
oxygen
What is the “tidal volume”?
the amount of air breathed in and out of the lungs
A small amount of air rich in carbon dioxide is called…
residual capacity
The breathing control centers of the brain’s ____ _____ control respiration through monitoring carbon dioxide levels and blood ph.
medulla oblongata
if blood pH starts to decrease, then respiration rates will increase
to balance carbon dioxide and oxygen levels
True or False
True
What factors can affect the lung function?
Enviromental conditions, genetic factors & pathogens
What is asthma and it’s symptoms?
Swelling of the airways or from mucus buildup. Difficult to inhale and exhale normal air amounts. Causes SOB, difficulty breathing & wheezing.
Environmental pollutants: chemicals, pollen & smoke can impede lung function by damaging _____
Cilia
What Genetic Conditions can seriously impede lung action? (3)
lung surfactant insufficiency,
asthma &
cystic fibrosis
What is influenza?
an infection caused by a virus that affects many parts of the respiratory system. The virus uses cells in the respiratory system to make new viruses. When the bodys immune system attacks these cells infected by the virus, this is what causes s/s like mucus, pain, and coughing
Which of the following structures changes the volume of the lungs?
- alveoli
- heart
- trachea
- diaphragm
Diaphragm
How does the structure of alveoli relate to it’s function?
The thin walls decrease the distance btw the air and bloodstream, increasing the rate of diffusion. Small and numerous alveoli increase the surface are, which increases the rate of diffusion.
What is the primary function of the respiratory system?
exchanges oxygen and co2 between the blood and the air in the environment
What condition causes narrowing of airways in the respiratory system?
Asthma constricts the airways
Influenza, bronchitis & pneumonia are all causes by _____ that affect the respiratory system.
Pathogens
What will occur in the blood if the tidal volume in the lungs increases
Increases diffusion of co2 out of the bloodstream.
oxygen will increase in the bloodstream
The cardiovascular system is also called….
circulatory system
The cardiovascular system is responsible for the movement of _____ and ____ around the body.
Blood/ Lymph
The main functions of the cardiovascular system (4)
nutrient distribution
waste removal
communication
protection
What are the parts of the circulatory system/cardiovascular system?
arteries, veins, capillaries, lymph
T/F: The heart is made up of muscle tissue and is splint into 2 chambers.
False- the heart has 4 chambers
The upper chambers of the heart are called…..
“atria”
The lower chambers of the heart are called ?
Ventricles
T/F: the atria and ventricles are attached to veins and arteries that are connected to diff parts of the body
True
The cardiovascular system transports…..(4)
nutrients
wastes
chemical messenger
immune molecules
What are the 2 well integrated circulatory systems?
Closed circulatory system and open lymphatic system
What is the Closed circulatory system ?
double loop system consisting of thick walled arteries that transport blood AWAY from the heart, thinner walled veins that transport blood TO the heart and capillaries form network that connect arteries to veins in tissue
Capillaries are made of a single layer of …… tissue
Endothelium generally lines fully internal pathways
What does the open lymphatic system do?
circulates and filters interstitial fluid between cells and eventually drains into the circulatory system.
T/F: the closed double loop system transports blood
True
What are the two parts of the closed double loop system?
Pulmonary Loop and Systole(systemic) Loop
What is the function of the Pulmonary Loop (closed double loop system)?
carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs. The lungs then oxygenate the blood and returns oxygenated blood to the left atrium
What does the systemic (systole) loop do?
Carries oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the body, returning deoxygenated blood to the right atrium.
What are the two cycles of contractions in the heart?
Systole
Diastole
____ indicates contraction of the heart muscles
Systole
_____ is the relaxation of the heart muscles
Diastole
Describe the overview of the HEART CYCLE:
-ventricles contract (ventricle systole)
-which causes the atrioventricular valves to close
-the empty ventricles are filled by blood pushed out during atrial
systole
-At the same time, semilunar valves in the aorta & pulmonary arteries close (prevents blood from falling back into ventricles)
- These heart contractions are controlled by a “pacemaker” called sinoatrial node
The atrioventricular valves in the heart consist of ____ and ____ valves.
Mitral and tricuspid
The closing of what valves causes the “lub” sound
atrioventricular valves (consist of the mitral and tricuspid valvesw)
When the ________ valves in the aorta and pulmonary arteries close, this prevents blood from falling back into the ventricles, making the “dub” sound
Semilunar valves
Heart contractions are controlled by a pacemaker
called _____ ____, which sends out electrical signals.
sinoatrial node
Arteries have _____ walls to withstand the pressure of blood pumped by the heart.
Veins have walls with a ____ muscle layer and ____ lumen.
Thicker
Thinner muscle layer and larger lumen
Blood plasma contains ____, _____, _____, and ______
nutrients, hormones, antibodies & other immune proteins
RBC contain ______
RBC transport oxygen (to/ from) the lungs to the rest of the body.
Hemoglobin
From
What dissolves in plasma and is removed by the lungs?
Co2
WBC are divided into 2 main lineages: _____ & _____
WBC defend against?
Leukocytes and lymphocytes
Pathogens
The open circulatory system’s capillaries drain interstitial fluid that fills the spaces between the cells and filter it through a system of lymph nodes that are enriched in lymphocytes and provide surveillance by the immune system.
T/F
True
What is Lymph
also called lymphatic fluid, is a collection of the extra fluid that drains from cells and tissues (that is not reabsorbed into the capillaries) plus other substances. The other substances include proteins, minerals, fats, nutrients, damaged cells, cancer cells and foreign invaders (bacteria, viruses, etc). Lymph also transports infection-fighting white blood cells (lymphocytes).
Basically plasma with RBC removed
Where are lymph nodes found?
oral, nasal, genital regions
places where foreign entities can enter the body
Lymph nodes
Lymph nodes are bean-shaped glands that monitor and cleanse the lymph as it filters through them. The nodes filter out the damaged cells and cancer cells. These lymph nodes also produce and store lymphocytes and other immune system cells that attack and destroy bacteria and other harmful substances in the fluid.
List the blood flow through the cardiovascular system:
- starting in left ventricle- oxygenated blood is pumped to the body
- As blood flows through the arteries to capillaries, it transports oxygen to tissues & picks up CO2
- The deoxygenated blood returns to the heart through veins
- This blood is now deoxygenated & concentrated with CO2
- Blood enters the heart through the right atrium & then flows into the right ventricle
- Right ventricle pumps the blood toward the lungs, where it pick up oxygen & loses CO2
- Blood is then returned to the heart through the left atrium and the cycle starts again.
What blood components is responsible for transporting oxygen?
Red Blood Cells
Which chamber of the heart pumps blood towards the lungs?
Right Ventricle
Which chamber accepts oxygenated blood from the lungs?
Left atrium
Which chamber pumps oxygenated blood to the body?
Left ventricle
Which chamber accepts blood from the body?
Right atrium
What are Veins?
Veins- carry both oxygenated and deoxygenated blood
- These are blood vessels that take oxygen-poor blood back to the heart.
- Veins become larger and larger as they get closer to the heart.
The superior vena cava function?
The inferior vena cava function?
The superior vena cava is the large vein that brings blood from the head and arms to the heart, and the inferior vena cava brings blood from the abdomen and legs into the heart.
What two chambers of the heart have thicker walls and why?
The right and left ventricles have thicker walls. They use a large amount of pressure to push blood to different parts of the body and this puts a lot of force and pressure on these chambers.
What is the purpose of plasma?
Helps to control body temp and transport sub.
Where does digestion begin?
In the mouth with mechanical and chemical digestion
In what organ does the breakdown of proteins begin?
Stomach
What digestive enzyme helps the stomach breakdown proteins?
Pepsin
What structure absorbs nutrients in the small intestine?
Microvilli
T/F: Enzymes and hormones aid in digestion but do not absorb
True
______is a series of wave-like muscle contractions that move food through the digestive tract
Peristalsis
Describe the mechanical and chemical digestion of a starch or carbohydrate.
- Starch begins to breakdown in the mouth- chewing breaks the molecules into smaller pieces.
- Amylase speeds up the process of starches breaking down
- Muscle contraction in the stomach break down food particles into chyme.
- In the small intestines, more enzymes release by the pancreas break down the starches into simple sugars
