Teaching Young Children PRAXIS 5024

Question 1

Sensorimotor Stage

Answer 1

the first stage of Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development, occurring from birth to two years, in which the world is experienced through objects

Question 2

Jean Piaget

Answer 2

theorist known for his theory of cognitive development

Question 3

Conservation

Answer 3

understanding that things can stay the same in quantity even if their appearance changes

Question 4

Emotional Domain

Answer 4

area of development related to processing and understanding feelings

Question 5

Concrete Operational Stage

Answer 5

the third stage of Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development, occurring from 7 years old to adolescence, in which children begin to think logically and use inductive reasoning

Question 6

Stages of Development (Erickson)

Answer 6

Learning theory developed by Erickson - people must pass through eight life stages to fulfill their potential. Failure to complete any phase will hinder their ability to continue growth with success, Trust vs. Mistrust: 0 - 1 ½ years, Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt: 1 ½ - 3 years, Initiative vs. Guilt: 3 - 5 years, Industry vs. inferiority: 5-12 years, Identity vs. Role Confusion: 12-18 years, Intimacy Vs. Isolation: 18-40 years, Generativity vs. Stagnation: 40-65 years, Ego Integrity vs. Despair: 65+ years

Question 7

Negative reinforcement

Answer 7

removing a stimulus in reaction to a behavior to increase the likelihood of a behavior

Question 8

Maria Montessori

Answer 8

Italian physician and educator who founded the Montessori method, Maria Montessori believed that children construct their own learning through hands-on interaction with the environment

Question 9

Equilibration

Answer 9

the force that drives cognitive development

Question 10

Vicarious Reinforcement

Answer 10

the idea that learning can occur by observing the consequences of a behavior

Question 11

Aesthetic Domain

Answer 11

area of development related to appreciation of nature and beauty

Question 12

Accommodation

Answer 12

When : existing schemas cannot be applied to new objects or situations, and must therefore be adapted and revised

Question 13

Migrant Students

Answer 13

students from families who move often for seasonal fishing or agricultural work

Question 14

Constructivist approach

Answer 14

Based on the belief that humans construct knowledge and meaning from their experiences; Activities are interactive and student-centered.

Question 15

Non-verbal response

Answer 15

a way to communicate without speaking, The teacher taught the students the non-verbal response of setting their pencils down when they were ready for the next question.
Punishment: a penalty given in response to a behavior

Question 16

Social Domain

Answer 16

includes making and maintaining healthy relationships and accepting differences in others.

Question 17

Disequilibrium

Answer 17

occurs when a child cannot use existing schemas to comprehend new information, A child moves to a new country. The new classroom rules are difficult to assimilate on top of the previous classroom rules.

Question 18

Inductive Reasoning

Answer 18

generalizing knowledge from one area to another, If a random sample of a population shows a correlation in improved health with a new drug, it can be induced that the drugs will be helpful for others in the population.

Question 19

social development

Answer 19

Interactions with people or the environment

Question 20

Transient Students:

Answer 20

students who change schools frequently

Question 21

Assimilation

Answer 21

A process in which existing schemas are applied to new objects or situations

Question 22

Sensory domain

Answer 22

area of development related to touch, smell, taste, movement, balance, sight, and hearing, The sensory domain encompasses children’s skills in relation to recognizing and interpreting sensory stimuli.

Question 23

Spiraling

Answer 23

a method of planning lessons that builds upon prior knowledge, based on the constructivist theory

Question 24

Symbolic Function

Answer 24

a sub-stage of the preoperational stage of cognitive development, occurring from age 2-4, in which children can imagine objects in their minds that are not currently in front of them

Question 25

Theory of Multiple Intelligences

Answer 25

eight different and distinct forms of intelligence, which cannot be numerically measured or expressed

Question 26

Primary Mental Abilities

Answer 26

7 factors used to identify intelligence

Question 27

Behavior Intervention Plan

Answer 27

a plan for improving behavior that impedes learning as determined in the Functional Behavior Assessment (FBA) process

Question 28

Intrinsically Motivated

Answer 28

students draw their motivation from the learning process itself

Question 29

Cooperative play

Answer 29

Playing with peers by creating rules or guidelines for the activity together; ages 4 and up

Question 30

Comprehensible Input

Answer 30

Information that can be understood despite language barriers. Legally required to be provided to all ELL students under statute set by Lau vs. Nichols.

Question 31

Autonomy

Answer 31

A student's ability to self-govern or self-motivate

Question 32

Multiple-Factor View of Intelligence

Answer 32

Considering an individual's intelligence level by looking at a variety of areas.

Question 33

Attention (behavior function)

Answer 33

a behavior function (or variables that could affect a child's behavior)- notice given from an adult or peer

Question 34

Culturally Responsive Teaching

Answer 34

an approach that recognizes the importance of including students' cultures in all aspects of learning

Question 35

Escape behavior function

Answer 35

a behavior function (or variables that could affect a child's behavior)- removal of aversives

Question 36

Scaffolding

Answer 36

a method of teaching that involves gradually removing aids when teaching new concepts

Question 37

Tactile Methods

Answer 37

Lessons using materials for students to touch and handle.

Question 38

Cultural / Individual Stereotypes

Answer 38

General assumptions made about individuals or groups, sometimes based on information that is not correct or incomplete.

Question 39

Associative play:

Answer 39

Playing with peers in a loosely-organized manner; ages 3-4 years

Question 40

Triarchic Theory of Intelligence

Answer 40

a multiple-factor view of intelligence in 3 areas: analytics, creativity, and practicality

Question 41

Student Engagement

Answer 41

the level of attention and interest students demonstrate while learning

Question 42

Theory of General Intelligence

Answer 42

intelligence is a general cognitive ability that can be measured and expressed

Question 43

Tangible (behavior function)

Answer 43

a behavior function (or variables that could affect a child's behavior)- access to items/activities

Question 44

Automatic (behavior function)

Answer 44

a behavior function (or variables that could affect a child's behavior)- self-stimulating

Question 45

Montessori method

Answer 45

education model developed by Maria Montessori; based on the concept of children constructing their own knowledge through interacting with the environment

Question 46

Literature Circles

Answer 46

A strategy in which a teacher organizes students into small groups to discuss a common text

Question 47

Conjectures

Answer 47

guesses without proof while doing mathematics

Question 48

Friedrich Froebel

Answer 48

German educator credited with the founding of kindergarten

Question 49

Phonics / Graphophonemic Principle

Answer 49

Using the relationship between symbols (letters and words) and sounds of a language to read and write

Question 50

Hundred Languages of Children

Answer 50

concept associated with the Reggio Emilia approach that focuses on encouraging children's natural self-expression

Question 51

Reggio Emilia Approach

Answer 51

approach to early childhood education developed by Loris Malaguzzi and named for the area of Italy in which it began

Question 52

Symbolic Stage / Representational Stage

Answer 52

Drawing pictures or symbols to represent numbers in an equation

Question 53

Child Find

Answer 53

a legal requirement that schools evaluate any child that it suspects may have a disability and who may be entitled to special education services

Question 54

Early Childhood Special Education (ECSE)

Answer 54

a service that provides special education support in public schools for students ages 3-5

Question 55

Exceptional Student Education (ESE)

Answer 55

The services offered at schools to children with disabilities. Helps each child with a disability progress in school and prepare for life after school. ESE services include specially designed instruction to meet the unique needs of the child.

Question 56

Curriculum Coordinator

Answer 56

a district-level staff responsible for helping teachers purchase and/or develop their curriculum to meet specific goals.

Question 57

Horizontal team

Answer 57

collaboration of teachers from different content areas at the same grade level

Question 58

Vertical Team

Answer 58

collaboration of teachers from different grade levels

Question 59

Project-Based Learning (PBL) Activity

Answer 59

Activity in which students create a solution or investigation in response to a problem

Question 60

Local Education Agency (LEA)

Answer 60

the education agency responsible for the school

Question 61

Professional Development

Answer 61

opportunities for teachers to learn, earn, or maintain professional credentials by attending conferences, taking classes, or participating in workshops

Question 62

Review of Existing Data (REED)

Answer 62

a mandated review of all existing evaluation data including the initial evaluation, any re-evaluations, classroom observations, and standardized testing to determine if dismissal of services is necessary

Question 63

504 plan

Answer 63

the accommodations provided to a student who has an impairment that significantly impacts their life

Question 64

Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)

Answer 64

The law mandating that all students with disabilities must receive a free and appropriate education that is tailored to their needs and abilities

Question 65

Response to Intervention (RtI):

Answer 65

a process to monitor and measure student progress in the general education curriculum after instructional intervention is provided

Question 66

Free Appropriate Public Education (FAPE)

Answer 66

an educational right of all children to receive instruction tailored to their needs at no cost to their family by the local education agency (LEA)

Question 67

Didactic Teaching:

Answer 67

teachers provide the information through a lecture or other method of direct teaching, and students practice new skills independently

Question 68

Mnemonics

Answer 68

the first letter of objects are used to create a word or sentence that is easier to memorize

Question 68

Long-term memory

Answer 68

Remembering events that occurred more than a few minutes ago

Question 69

Cognitive Modeling

Answer 69

students who perform well above grade-level expectations in one or multiple areas

Question 70

Semantic Encoding

Answer 70

Processing information by associating it with a story or meaning

Question 71

Interdisciplinary Learning:

Answer 71

relating to more than one curriculum area

Question 72

Short-term memory

Answer 72

Remembering events that occurred within the last few minutes

Question 73

Thematic Unit

Answer 73

a unit that has an overarching, uniting idea or topic, and incorporates skills into that theme. It can be within one subject area or support cross-curricular instruction.

Question 74

Differentiated instruction

Answer 74

teaching that offers multiple options for learning the material based on different student needs and learning styles

Question 75

Zone of proximal development

Answer 75

A chart that shows what tasks a learner can do independently, can do with assistance, and cannot do

Question 76

Absence of bias

Answer 76

Material based on common situations that all students will have encountered and that will not trigger an emotional response.

Question 77

Miscue - Pause

Answer 77

when the reader stops briefly either before or in the middle of a word

Question 78

Congruent Assessment

Answer 78

an assessment that tests the learning outcomes described in the learning objectives

Question 79

Progress Monitoring

Answer 79

periodic assessments to monitor student growth and evaluate the effectiveness of instruction

Question 80

Authentic Assessment

Answer 80

assessments that measure a student's intellectual accomplishments through a significant and meaningful task

Question 81

Curriculum-Based Assessments

Answer 81

testing the curriculum being taught

Question 82

Norm-Referenced Tests

Answer 82

Tests that compare an individual's performance/achievement to a group called the "norm group.

Question 83

Summative Assessments:

Answer 83

Given at specific points in time in order to determine what students know and don't know. Summative assessments are generally formal.

Question 84

Appropriate Level

Answer 84

leveled to where the content was taught when considering depth and difficulty

Question 85

Diagnostic Assessment / Pre-Assessment

Answer 85

Assessment administered before instruction to determine students' strengths and weaknesses

Question 86

Universal Screener

Answer 86

An assessment administered to all students to gather data and form groups, such as intervention groups

Question 87

Informal assessments

Answer 87

More flexible than formal assessments and can be adjusted to fit the situation and particular needs of the student being tested

Question 88

Summative Assessments

Answer 88

Assessment of learning. Given at specific points in time in order to determine what students know and don't know. Summative assessments are generally formal.

Question 89

Miscue

Answer 89

an incorrect guess of a word when reading

Question 90

Curriculum-Based Assessments

Answer 90

testing the curriculum being taught

Question 91

Quantitative Assessments

Answer 91

assessments that objectively measure a specific performance

Question 92

Miscue - Repetition

Answer 92

when the reader repeats a word or group of words in the text

Question 93

Clarity of language

Answer 93

does not contain ambiguous pronouns, words at too high a vocabulary level, or slang terms

Question 94

Miscue - Self-Correction

Answer 94

when the reader recognizes and corrects an error

Question 95

Miscue - Substitution

Answer 95

when the reader replaces the word in the text with a different word

Question 96

Formative assessments

Answer 96

Assessment for learning. Usually mid-instruction assessment with the purpose of assessing student progress and informing the teacher so instruction can be altered as needed.

Question 97

Miscue - Omission

Answer 97

when the reader skips over a word or group of words in the text

Question 98

Loris Malaguzzi

Answer 98

psychologist who founded the Reggio Emilia Approach

Question 99

Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development

Answer 99

theory that attempts to explain the sequence of children's intellectual development by separating childhood into four stages: sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operations, and formal operations

Question 100

Formal Operational Stage

Answer 100

the final stage of Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development, occurring from 12 years old and beyond, in which people can use deductive reasoning to think abstractly and solve complex problems

Question 101

Intuitive Thought

Answer 101

a sub-stage of the preoperational stage of cognitive development, occurring from age 4-7, in which children begin to reason and ask questions to learn more

Question 102

Schema

Answer 102

an organized way of viewing the world and using this organization to incorporate new knowledge

Question 103

Preoperational Stage

Answer 103

the second stage of Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development, occurring from 2-7 years old, in which children think egocentrically and symbolically Physical Domain: focuses on physical changes and growth in size and strength and includes both fine and gross motor skills

Question 104

Jerome Bruner

Answer 104

psychologist credited with developing the constructivist approach to human development

Question 105

Language and Literacy Domain

Answer 105

area of development related to expressing ourselves to communicate with others, The language and literacy domain encompasses children's skills in reading, writing, speaking, interpreting sounds, and communicating thoughts.

Question 106

Object permanence

Answer 106

the idea that an object exists, even if it is not in sight

Question 107

Equilibrium

Answer 107

occurs when a child can assimilate most new information by adapting their previous understanding

Question 108

LRE, least restrictive environment

Answer 108

kids who get special education should be in the same classrooms as other kids as much as possible. LRE isn't a place — it's a principle that guides a child's education program. The LRE for each child may look different because kids are unique.