Teaching Young Children PRAXIS 5024 Flashcards
Sensorimotor Stage
the first stage of Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development, occurring from birth to two years, in which the world is experienced through objects
Jean Piaget
theorist known for his theory of cognitive development
Conservation
understanding that things can stay the same in quantity even if their appearance changes
Emotional Domain
area of development related to processing and understanding feelings
Concrete Operational Stage
the third stage of Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development, occurring from 7 years old to adolescence, in which children begin to think logically and use inductive reasoning
Stages of Development (Erickson)
Learning theory developed by Erickson - people must pass through eight life stages to fulfill their potential. Failure to complete any phase will hinder their ability to continue growth with success, Trust vs. Mistrust: 0 - 1 ½ years, Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt: 1 ½ - 3 years, Initiative vs. Guilt: 3 - 5 years, Industry vs. inferiority: 5-12 years, Identity vs. Role Confusion: 12-18 years, Intimacy Vs. Isolation: 18-40 years, Generativity vs. Stagnation: 40-65 years, Ego Integrity vs. Despair: 65+ years
Negative reinforcement
removing a stimulus in reaction to a behavior to increase the likelihood of a behavior
Maria Montessori
Italian physician and educator who founded the Montessori method, Maria Montessori believed that children construct their own learning through hands-on interaction with the environment
Equilibration
the force that drives cognitive development
Vicarious Reinforcement
the idea that learning can occur by observing the consequences of a behavior
Aesthetic Domain
area of development related to appreciation of nature and beauty
Accommodation
When : existing schemas cannot be applied to new objects or situations, and must therefore be adapted and revised
Migrant Students
students from families who move often for seasonal fishing or agricultural work
Constructivist approach
Based on the belief that humans construct knowledge and meaning from their experiences; Activities are interactive and student-centered.
Non-verbal response
a way to communicate without speaking, The teacher taught the students the non-verbal response of setting their pencils down when they were ready for the next question.
Punishment: a penalty given in response to a behavior
Social Domain
includes making and maintaining healthy relationships and accepting differences in others.
Disequilibrium
occurs when a child cannot use existing schemas to comprehend new information, A child moves to a new country. The new classroom rules are difficult to assimilate on top of the previous classroom rules.
Inductive Reasoning
generalizing knowledge from one area to another, If a random sample of a population shows a correlation in improved health with a new drug, it can be induced that the drugs will be helpful for others in the population.
social development
Interactions with people or the environment
Transient Students:
students who change schools frequently
Assimilation
A process in which existing schemas are applied to new objects or situations
Sensory domain
area of development related to touch, smell, taste, movement, balance, sight, and hearing, The sensory domain encompasses children’s skills in relation to recognizing and interpreting sensory stimuli.
Spiraling
a method of planning lessons that builds upon prior knowledge, based on the constructivist theory
Symbolic Function
a sub-stage of the preoperational stage of cognitive development, occurring from age 2-4, in which children can imagine objects in their minds that are not currently in front of them
Theory of Multiple Intelligences
eight different and distinct forms of intelligence, which cannot be numerically measured or expressed
Primary Mental Abilities
7 factors used to identify intelligence
Behavior Intervention Plan
a plan for improving behavior that impedes learning as determined in the Functional Behavior Assessment (FBA) process
Intrinsically Motivated
students draw their motivation from the learning process itself
Cooperative play
Playing with peers by creating rules or guidelines for the activity together; ages 4 and up
Comprehensible Input
Information that can be understood despite language barriers. Legally required to be provided to all ELL students under statute set by Lau vs. Nichols.
Autonomy
A student’s ability to self-govern or self-motivate
Multiple-Factor View of Intelligence
Considering an individual’s intelligence level by looking at a variety of areas.
Attention (behavior function)
a behavior function (or variables that could affect a child’s behavior)- notice given from an adult or peer
Culturally Responsive Teaching
an approach that recognizes the importance of including students’ cultures in all aspects of learning
Escape behavior function
a behavior function (or variables that could affect a child’s behavior)- removal of aversives
Scaffolding
a method of teaching that involves gradually removing aids when teaching new concepts
Tactile Methods
Lessons using materials for students to touch and handle.
Cultural / Individual Stereotypes
General assumptions made about individuals or groups, sometimes based on information that is not correct or incomplete.
Associative play:
Playing with peers in a loosely-organized manner; ages 3-4 years
Triarchic Theory of Intelligence
a multiple-factor view of intelligence in 3 areas: analytics, creativity, and practicality
Student Engagement
the level of attention and interest students demonstrate while learning
Theory of General Intelligence
intelligence is a general cognitive ability that can be measured and expressed
Tangible (behavior function)
a behavior function (or variables that could affect a child’s behavior)- access to items/activities
Automatic (behavior function)
a behavior function (or variables that could affect a child’s behavior)- self-stimulating
Montessori method
education model developed by Maria Montessori; based on the concept of children constructing their own knowledge through interacting with the environment
Literature Circles
A strategy in which a teacher organizes students into small groups to discuss a common text
Conjectures
guesses without proof while doing mathematics
Friedrich Froebel
German educator credited with the founding of kindergarten
Phonics / Graphophonemic Principle
Using the relationship between symbols (letters and words) and sounds of a language to read and write
Hundred Languages of Children
concept associated with the Reggio Emilia approach that focuses on encouraging children’s natural self-expression
Reggio Emilia Approach
approach to early childhood education developed by Loris Malaguzzi and named for the area of Italy in which it began
Symbolic Stage / Representational Stage
Drawing pictures or symbols to represent numbers in an equation
Child Find
a legal requirement that schools evaluate any child that it suspects may have a disability and who may be entitled to special education services
Early Childhood Special Education (ECSE)
a service that provides special education support in public schools for students ages 3-5
Exceptional Student Education (ESE)
The services offered at schools to children with disabilities. Helps each child with a disability progress in school and prepare for life after school. ESE services include specially designed instruction to meet the unique needs of the child.
Curriculum Coordinator
a district-level staff responsible for helping teachers purchase and/or develop their curriculum to meet specific goals.
Horizontal team
collaboration of teachers from different content areas at the same grade level
Vertical Team
collaboration of teachers from different grade levels
Project-Based Learning (PBL) Activity
Activity in which students create a solution or investigation in response to a problem
Local Education Agency (LEA)
the education agency responsible for the school
Professional Development
opportunities for teachers to learn, earn, or maintain professional credentials by attending conferences, taking classes, or participating in workshops
Review of Existing Data (REED)
a mandated review of all existing evaluation data including the initial evaluation, any re-evaluations, classroom observations, and standardized testing to determine if dismissal of services is necessary
504 plan
the accommodations provided to a student who has an impairment that significantly impacts their life
Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)
The law mandating that all students with disabilities must receive a free and appropriate education that is tailored to their needs and abilities
Response to Intervention (RtI):
a process to monitor and measure student progress in the general education curriculum after instructional intervention is provided
Free Appropriate Public Education (FAPE)
an educational right of all children to receive instruction tailored to their needs at no cost to their family by the local education agency (LEA)
Didactic Teaching:
teachers provide the information through a lecture or other method of direct teaching, and students practice new skills independently
Mnemonics
the first letter of objects are used to create a word or sentence that is easier to memorize
Long-term memory
Remembering events that occurred more than a few minutes ago
Cognitive Modeling
students who perform well above grade-level expectations in one or multiple areas
Semantic Encoding
Processing information by associating it with a story or meaning
Interdisciplinary Learning:
relating to more than one curriculum area
Short-term memory
Remembering events that occurred within the last few minutes
Thematic Unit
a unit that has an overarching, uniting idea or topic, and incorporates skills into that theme. It can be within one subject area or support cross-curricular instruction.
Differentiated instruction
teaching that offers multiple options for learning the material based on different student needs and learning styles
Zone of proximal development
A chart that shows what tasks a learner can do independently, can do with assistance, and cannot do
Absence of bias
Material based on common situations that all students will have encountered and that will not trigger an emotional response.
Miscue - Pause
when the reader stops briefly either before or in the middle of a word
Congruent Assessment
an assessment that tests the learning outcomes described in the learning objectives
Progress Monitoring
periodic assessments to monitor student growth and evaluate the effectiveness of instruction
Authentic Assessment
assessments that measure a student’s intellectual accomplishments through a significant and meaningful task
Curriculum-Based Assessments
testing the curriculum being taught
Norm-Referenced Tests
Tests that compare an individual’s performance/achievement to a group called the “norm group.
Summative Assessments:
Given at specific points in time in order to determine what students know and don’t know. Summative assessments are generally formal.
Appropriate Level
leveled to where the content was taught when considering depth and difficulty
Diagnostic Assessment / Pre-Assessment
Assessment administered before instruction to determine students’ strengths and weaknesses
Universal Screener
An assessment administered to all students to gather data and form groups, such as intervention groups
Informal assessments
More flexible than formal assessments and can be adjusted to fit the situation and particular needs of the student being tested
Summative Assessments
Assessment of learning. Given at specific points in time in order to determine what students know and don’t know. Summative assessments are generally formal.
Miscue
an incorrect guess of a word when reading
Curriculum-Based Assessments
testing the curriculum being taught
Quantitative Assessments
assessments that objectively measure a specific performance
Miscue - Repetition
when the reader repeats a word or group of words in the text
Clarity of language
does not contain ambiguous pronouns, words at too high a vocabulary level, or slang terms
Miscue - Self-Correction
when the reader recognizes and corrects an error
Miscue - Substitution
when the reader replaces the word in the text with a different word
Formative assessments
Assessment for learning. Usually mid-instruction assessment with the purpose of assessing student progress and informing the teacher so instruction can be altered as needed.
Miscue - Omission
when the reader skips over a word or group of words in the text
Loris Malaguzzi
psychologist who founded the Reggio Emilia Approach
Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development
theory that attempts to explain the sequence of children’s intellectual development by separating childhood into four stages: sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operations, and formal operations
Formal Operational Stage
the final stage of Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development, occurring from 12 years old and beyond, in which people can use deductive reasoning to think abstractly and solve complex problems
Intuitive Thought
a sub-stage of the preoperational stage of cognitive development, occurring from age 4-7, in which children begin to reason and ask questions to learn more
Schema
an organized way of viewing the world and using this organization to incorporate new knowledge
Preoperational Stage
the second stage of Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development, occurring from 2-7 years old, in which children think egocentrically and symbolically
Physical Domain: focuses on physical changes and growth in size and strength and includes both fine and gross motor skills
Jerome Bruner
psychologist credited with developing the constructivist approach to human development
Language and Literacy Domain
area of development related to expressing ourselves to communicate with others, The language and literacy domain encompasses children’s skills in reading, writing, speaking, interpreting sounds, and communicating thoughts.
Object permanence
the idea that an object exists, even if it is not in sight
Equilibrium
occurs when a child can assimilate most new information by adapting their previous understanding
LRE, least restrictive environment
kids who get special education should be in the same classrooms as other kids as much as possible. LRE isn’t a place — it’s a principle that guides a child’s education program. The LRE for each child may look different because kids are unique.
