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Intro to Sono > TDMS--Foundations of Clinical Sonography (CH 1) > Flashcards

TDMS--Foundations of Clinical Sonography (CH 1) Flashcards

1
Q

What is the visualization of soft tissue structures?

A

sonography

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2
Q

Who is a professional that specializes in sonography?

A

sonographer

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3
Q

Who is a physician in songraphy?

A

sonologist

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4
Q

What is the branch of physics dealing with sound waves?

A

acoustics

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5
Q

What is the result of mechanical energy that produces alternate compression and rarefaction of conducting medium as it travels as a wave?

A

sound

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6
Q

What is the sound range of 0-25 Hz?

A

infrasound

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7
Q

What is the sound range of 20Hz-20kHz?

A

audible

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8
Q

What is the sound range of 20-100kHz?

A

ultrasound

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9
Q

What is constant for a given tissue?

A

velocity of propagation

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10
Q

What is the assumed average propagation velocity in soft tissues?

A

1540 m/sec

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11
Q

What allows sonographers to compare intensity and amplitude of two signals?

A

decibels

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12
Q

What is the power per unit area?

A

intensity

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13
Q

How are power and intensity related?

A

inversely related

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14
Q

How is sound characterized?

A

according to its frequency

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15
Q

What is defined as the number of oscillations per second?

A

frequency

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16
Q

How is wavelength related to frequency?

A

Inversely related

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17
Q

What is the measurement of material’s resistance?

A

acoustic impedance

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18
Q

The greater the acoustic mismatch the greater the _____

A

backscatter or reflection

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19
Q

What is the redirection of sound in multiple directions?

A

scattering

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20
Q

What is the change of direction of sound?

A

refraction

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21
Q

What is the loss of sound energy and a major cause of shadowing?

A

absorption

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22
Q

What produces ultrasound waves?

A

piezoelectric crystals

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23
Q

What is the ability to resolve objects with imaging plane?

A

axial resolution

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24
Q

What does beam width determine?

A

lateral resolution

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25
Q

How are acoustic impedance and density (or propagation) related?

A

directly related

26
Q

What filters out fundamental frequency and creates images from echoes?

A

harmonic imaging

27
Q

What converts energy from one form to another?

A

transducer

28
Q

Sound is the result of mechanical energy that produces alternating what two things?

A

compression and rarefaction

29
Q

What is a propagation of energy that moves back and forth or vibrates at a steady rate?

A

wave

30
Q

What unit is used to measure the intensity, amplitude, and power of an ultrasound wave?

A

decibel

31
Q

What is the rate at which energy is transmitted?

A

Power

32
Q

What occurs whenever the pulse encounters an interface between tissues with different acoustic impedances?

A

reflection

33
Q

What is the time that a piezoelectric element vibrates after electrical stimulation?

A

pulse duration

34
Q

What is the ability of an imaging process to distinguish adjacent structures in an object and is an important measure of image quality?

A

resolution

35
Q

What refers to the ability to resolve objects within the imaging plane that are located at different depths along the direction of the sound pulse?

A

axial resolution

36
Q

What refers to the ability to resolve objects within the imaging plane that are located side by side at the same depth from the transducer?

A

Later resolution

37
Q

What is the point at which the beam from the transducer is the narrowest?

A

focal zone

38
Q

What refers to the ability to resolve objects that are the same distance from the transducer but are located perpendicular to the plane of imaging?

A

Azimuthal resolution

39
Q

What is the sum of acoustic energy loss resulting from absorption, scattering, and reflection?

A

attenuation

40
Q

What is a device that converts energy from one form to another?

A

transducer

41
Q

What is an imaging technique that assigns to each level of amplitude a particular shade of gray to visualize the different echo amplitudes?

A

Gray scale

42
Q

What imaging provides a dynamic presentation of multiple image frames per second over selected areas of the body?

A

Real-time or “cine”

43
Q

What is dependent on the frequency and depth of the transducer and depth selection?

A

frame rate

44
Q

What refers to the ability of the system to accurately depict motion?

A

temporal resolution

45
Q

What allows the sonographer to amplify or boost the echo signals?

A

gain

46
Q

What allows the sonographer to manually amplify the receiver gain gradually at specific depths?

A

time gain compensation (TGC) or depth gain compensation (DGC)

47
Q

What is the range of input signal levels that produce noticeable changes in the output of the device?

A

dynamic range

48
Q

What is the difference between the transmitted and the received frequency is the called the Doppler what?

A

frequency shift

49
Q

What is the difference between the receiving echo frequency and the frequency of the transmitted beam called?

A

Doppler shift

50
Q

What is the angle that the reflector path makes with the ultrasound beam is called?

A

Doppler angle

51
Q

The closer the Doppler angle is to ___ the more accurate is the flow velocity.

A

zero

52
Q

What is the normal pattern of vessel flow?

A

Laminar flow

53
Q

What is the abnormal pattern of vessel flow that occurs when there is a narrowing in the vessel that causes a high velocity flow profile?

A

turbulent

54
Q

What allows the instrumentation to break down the complex multifrequency Doppler signal into individual frequency components?

A

spectral analysis

55
Q

What uses two piezoelectric elements: one for sending and one for receiving?

A

Continuous wave (CW) Doppler

56
Q

What is used for lower-velocity flow and has one crystal that pulses to transmit the signal while also listening or receiving the returning singal?

A

Pulsed Wave (PW) Doppler

57
Q

What can be set to a specific area of interest in the vascular structure to interrogated?

A

gate (Doppler window)

58
Q

What is the phenomenon where the Doppler signal must be sampled at least twice for each cycle in the wave?

A

Nyquist sampling limit

59
Q

What is the apparent reversal of flow direction and a “wrapping around” of the Doppler spectral waveform?

A

Aliasing

60
Q

Real-time imaging is displayed with both gray scale and What in the vascular structures?

A

color flow

61
Q

What refers to the number of sound pulses transmitted per second?

A

pulse repetition frequency (PRF)

Intro to Sono (3 decks)

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