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A+ > TCP/IP Protocol Fundamentals > Flashcards

TCP/IP Protocol Fundamentals Flashcards

1
Q

What is the purpose of NAT/PAT?

A
  • Translates an IPv4 address from the private ranges into an address that is routable across the internet.
  • Allows devices on the internal network to access services located on the internet
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2
Q

What are the two major components of an IPv4 address?

A
  • Network: identifies the network segment/subnet on which a particular device is connected
  • Host: identifies the specific device to which the whole IP address is assigned
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3
Q

What is the Class A IPv4 private address range?

A

10.x.x.x /8

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4
Q

What is the purpose of a network mask in IPv4 and how is it represented?

A
  • Represented in the same four octet format as the IP address it is attached to
  • Identifies which portions of the IP address are network address and host address
  • On bits (1s) identify the network portion of an IP while off bits (0s) identify the host portion.
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5
Q

Describe Layer 4 of the TCP/IP protocol stack and its function

A
  • Transport layer
  • Defines UDP and TCP port numbers used by specific applications, services, and protocols
  • Port numbers define, on both transmitting and receiving ends, what service is trying to be accessed (HTTPS, DNS, DHCP etc)
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6
Q

What is the Class C IPv4 private address range?

A

192.168.x.x /16

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7
Q

How can you locate the network information on a Windows device, including MAC address and IP address configuration? On Linux? On Mac?

A
  • Windows: from command prompt issue “ipconfig /all” command

- Linux and Mac: from terminal issue “ifconfig” command

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8
Q

How are IPv4 address classes identified?

A
  • Each primary class has an associated default subnet mask length and range of values within the first octet
  • Class A: 1 - 127.x.x.x /8 (255.0.0.0)
  • Class B: 128-191.x.x.x /16 (255.255.0.0)
  • Class C: 192-223.x.x.x /24 (255.255.255.0)
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9
Q

What are IPv4 private addresses?

A
  • IPv4 address ranges reserved for private use within an organization
  • Can be used for routing within a private organization’s intranetwork, however not routable across the internet
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10
Q

Describe Layer 1 of the TCP/IP protocol stack and its function

A
  • Physical layer
  • Deals with encoding, hardware specifications, voltage etc needed to translate digital information into physical currents sent across desired medium
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11
Q

How is every device assigned a unique MAC address?

A
  • IEEE assigns the first six characters of a MAC address to the vendor making and distributing the network card. This means the manufacturer of that card can be identified by the first six characters of the MAC.
  • The manufacturer is responsible for creating a unique MAC address with the final six characters
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12
Q

What is the advantage of computer networking?

A
  • Allows resources to be shared. Multiple devices within an organization can share print services, file storage, application access etc without having to set up individually per device.
  • Improves ease of collaboration
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13
Q

What is the Class B IPv4 private address range?

A

172.16-31.x.x /12

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14
Q

Describe Layer 2 of the TCP/IP protocol stack and its function

A
  • Data Link layer
  • Handles physical addressing of network devices and how traffic is forwarded along a network segment
  • Physical addresses burned in and unique to a specific device
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15
Q

What is ARP and how does it work?

A
  • Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)
  • MAC address needed to communicate with devices on the local network segment
  • ARP discovers and stores MAC addresses, mapping them to particular network addresses
  • If the IP address of a device running a particular service is known but the MAC address associated with that IP is not the initiating device sends out an ARP request.
  • The ARP request is a broadcast that goes out to every device on the segment and will hopefully be received the device with the matching IP.
  • The device with the target IP responds with its MAC address which is stored on the initiators ARP cache for later
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16
Q

How do you clear the ARP cache on a Windows PC?

A

In the command prompt use the “arp -d” command

17
Q

Describe the structure of an IPv4 address.

A
  • Divided into four octets: A.B.C.D
  • Each octet can represent a number between 0 and 255
  • Each octet is a decimal representation of an 8-bit binary value (0 = 00000000 and 255 = 11111111 and every number in between is represented by a different combination of these bits turned on or off)
18
Q

How do you check the ARP cache on a Windows PC?

A

In the command prompt use the “arp -a” command

19
Q

What is the function of the Application Layer in the TCP/IP protocol stack?

A

Defines the service to be used, such as HTTP, DNS, SMTP etc

20
Q

What is an Ethernet Address? What might it also be referred to as?

A
  • Can be referred to as physical address, Media Access Control (MAC) address, hardware address, layer 2 address, Burned In Address (BIA)
  • A unique address permanently tied to a unique network card installed in a device
  • 12 hexadecimal characters long
  • Each hex character represents 4 bits therefore each address represents 48-bits
21
Q

Describe Layer 3 of the TCP/IP protocol stack and its function

A
  • Network layer
  • Handles logical addressing of network devices, most commonly IP in today’s networks
  • Identifies the network a device is a part of so that traffic for that device can be routed accordingly
22
Q

Why are MAC addresses unique?

A
  • MAC addresses identify a unique device on the network segment. Duplicate MAC addresses can cause communication issues for matching devices on the segment.
  • A unique MAC address is useful for identifying a specific device for accounting and auditing purposes
23
Q

How many primary IPv4 address classes are there and what are they? Are there others?

A
  • 3 primary classes
  • Class A, Class B and Class C
  • There are others used for specific purposes such as testing and research

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