TBL1 AA and skeletal muscle metabolism Flashcards
nitrogen balance
protein ingested is = to protein out
liver secretes proteins
proteins are ingested and hydrolyzed in small intestine
peripheral tissues get aa from recycling or ingesting proteins
what happens when there is excess protein in the system that is not needed?
When not needed, peripheral tissue sends nitrogen to the liver as ALANINE and
GLUTAMINE using transamination and aminotransferases. The liver uses the urea
cycle to send nitrogen to the kidney and some to the intestines.
6) Nitrogen (protein) is removed as fecal matter (-10g/d) and urine (-75g/d) and
by other means (-5g/d). Notice 75+10+5 = 90 (ie the amount ingested)
transaminases: shuttling nitrogen
what does it make and what is their fates
Glutamate (1 Nitrogen) +NH3 is converted to Glutamine (2 Nitrogen) via GLUTAMINE SYNTHASE
GLUTAMINE has two fates:
- get converted to ketoacids (alpha-ketoglutarate), ammonia removed and ATP is generated
- kidneys , intestines and liver will remove the nitrogen to make other compounds
- liver can make glucose
in muscles and skeletal muscle, ALANINE transferase can make pyruvate from alanine and nitrogen group will be removed out the body
aspartate aminotransferase makes special products too
- in energy is plentiful then glycogen or lips will be made
________ can make pyruvate from alanine and the nitrogen group will be removed from the body
ALANINE aminotransferase
ALANINE aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase
make special products by removing the nitrogen
negative vs positive nitrogen balance
negative, indication of poor health (starving or diabetes) more excreted than consumed
positive,
when the body needs more protein than it has, preg, growth,
asterixus
physical finding due to high levels of ammonium in the blood , flapping tremor
Normal: can hold without movement
Hyperammonemia: flapping or other
movements.
peripheral tissue send nitrogen to the liver as____ and ____ and then the liver uses urea cycle to send nitrogen to the ___ and ____
alanine and glutamine
kidney and intestine
____ and _____ indicative of skeletal muscle damage.
a combination of with aspartate
aminotransferase (AST) and creatine kinase (CK-discussed in a bit)
are indicative of skeletal muscle damage.
liver disease markers?
alanine aminotransferase (ALT),
AST, alkaline phosphatase, and glutathione.
catabolism and
anabolism products of arginine
arg enters TCA and nitrogen donated to urea cycle
anabolism: Creatine and nitric oxide signaling ( cGMP-like cAMP) -endothelim-derived relaxing factor(EDRF)
Arg is nine and likes to take creatine to work out and has NO time to relax
how is creatine made and how does it work with muscle contraction?
creatine is made from arginine and glycine in the kidney .
Creatine phosphate donates its phosphate to ADP and makes ATP usung creatine kinase for muscle contaction
Argine is nine (kid) and takes creatine to workout and has NO time to relax
sources of ATP for muscle contraction
fatty acids, glucose, amino acids
how is Endothelium Derived Relaxing Factor (nitric oxide) made?
made from arginine and glycine by NO synthase
causes smooth muscle relant :stops myosin activity
vasodilation: drease Ca2+ to decrease BP
NT
reduce blood coagulation and phagocytosis
how does Endothelium Derived Relaxing Factor (nitric oxide) produce its signal?
and how does the signal get stopped?
NO can then cross the cell membrane and active guanylate cyclase which active cGMP (works like adenylyl cyclase)
so in smooth muscles, it is respinsible for relaxation and dilation of vessels
phosphodiesterase hydrolyses cGMP
