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Block 3; Week 8 > TBL PREP > Flashcards

TBL PREP Flashcards

1
Q

What are the effects of estrogen in the female reproductive system?

A

proliferation of the endometrium
thinning of cervical mucus
stimulates pituitary to secrete LH (LH surge–>ovulation)
stimulates progesterone production

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2
Q

What does the LH surge do?

A

ovulation!
preovulatory follicle completes Meiosis I & is suspended in Metaphase Ii of Meiosis II
LH increases collagenase activity to eat thru the fibers of the follicle
LH increases prostaglandin release to cause muscular contraction

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3
Q

What do lute an cells secrete?

A

progesterone

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4
Q

With the combination of progesterone & estrogen what happens to the uterine mucosa?

A

it becomes secretory in preparation for implantation

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5
Q

Fertilization usu happens @ the ampulla of the uterine tube. How long does it take to get from the ampulla to the uterus?

A

3-4 days

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6
Q

When there isn’t fertilization what happens to the lutean cells?

A

The lutean cells undergo apoptosis.
corpus albicans form
progesterone production decreases
menstrual bleeding ensues

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7
Q

When fertilization does occur where does the hCG come from?

A

synctiotrophoblast

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8
Q

When does progesterone production stop in pregnancy? Why?

A

stops @ the end of the 4th month

it stops b/c the trophoblastic secretion of progesterone became adequate

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9
Q

Tell the entire story of the journey of the sperm.

A
  1. passive transfer of sperm from testicles to the epididymis.via testicular fluid
  2. maturation in the epididymis for up to 2 weeks
  3. rapid transfer thru the vas deferens
  4. addition of seminal vesicle fluid
  5. addition of prostatic fluid
  6. sperm deposited in the upper vagina
  7. sperm passes thru the cervix & uterus
  8. sperm passes into uterine tubes (thru swimming & contractions)
  9. A smaller number of sperm reach the ampulla & the egg.
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10
Q

After fertilization, when does the morula enter the uterine cavity?

A

days 3-4

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11
Q

After fertilization, when does the blastocyst implant in the uterus?

A

day 7

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12
Q

What are some things that are important to have happen to the sperm before fertilization?

A

Capacitation: sperm must mature in female reproductive tract, glycoprotein coat must be removed, seminal plasma proteins must be removed from the plasma membrane
Acrosome RxN: sperm must release enzyme to dissolve ZP

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13
Q

What are the 3 phases of fertilization?

A

Phase I: penetration of the corona radiata
Phase II: penetration of ZP
Phase III: fusion of oocyte & sperm membranes.

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14
Q

What are the steps of fertilization?

A 
penetration of the ZP by the sperm
sperm in perivitelline space
sperm thru the perivitelline membrane
egg's completion of the 2nd meiotic division & formation of the 2nd polar body
male & female pronuclei visible
mitotic spindle forms & first cleavage
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15
Q

What are the 3 initial results of fertilization?

A

restoration of diploid number of chromosomes
sex determination
initiation of cleavage

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16
Q

After fertilization & the first cell division…what is it called?

A

Blastomere

**it is called this at the 2, 4, & 8 cell stages.

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17
Q

Describe the structure of the blastomere.

A

called a blastomere when there are 2, 4, & 8 cells involved…which each division the cells get smaller & more compacted.
you get the inner & outer cell layers.

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18
Q

Once you have 16 cells…what is it called? What day does this usu happen on?

A

morula!

happens usu on day 3.

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19
Q

Describe the structure of the morula.

A

16 cell stage
has an inner cell mass: called embryo proper–>forms tissues of the baby
has an outer cell mass: called trophoblast–>forms placenta

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20
Q

What is the structure called after it is done being a morula? When does this usu happen?

A

a blastocyst!

happens on day 5.

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21
Q

Describe the structure of the blastocyst.

A 
has no ZP
has a blastocele (a cavity)
inner cell mass=embryoblast
outer cell mass=trophoblast
has an epithelial layer
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22
Q

When does the blastocyst implant in terms of the mother’s cycle? Where?

A

secretory phase–good for nutrients

anterior or posterior wall

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23
Q

What are the 3 layers of the endometrium?

A

basal layer
spongy layer
compact layer

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24
Q

What is the main source of nutrition for the baby b/w the 1st & 8th weeks? What replaces it after that?

A

nutrition from the endometrium: trophoblastic nutrition

replaced by placental nutrition

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25
Q

How does the kid get trophoblastic nutrition?

A

the trophoblast cells invade the decidua & then nutrients are released that allow for embryonic growth.

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26
Q

What are the progressive effects of progesterone on the endometrium?

A

You start off with stromal cells. They then become highly secretory with glycogen, proteins, lipids, & minerals…
then decimal cells are formed, forming a layer known as decidua. This is perfect nutrition for the kid.

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27
Q

In the trophoblast of the kid vili emerge. What is found in the primary villi?

A

they just have synctiotrophoblast on the outside & an inner cytotrophoblast core.

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28
Q

What is the structure like of secondary villi?

A

this is the same structure as the primary villus, but with an inner core of mesodermal cells.

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29
Q

What is the structure of the tertiary villi?

A

same as secondary villi but with some of the mesodermal cells becoming blood cells & blood vessels

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30
Q

What happens to the trophoblast at the end of the 3rd week?

A

maternal vessels penetrate the cytotrophoblastic shell & enter the intervillous spaces.

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31
Q

How do the capillaries that are found in the villi of the trophoblast connect to the kid?

A

these villi are in contact with the vessels in the chorionic plate & connecting stalk
in turn, these are connected to intraembryonic vessels

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32
Q

At the end of the 3rd week, the trophoblast also has a radial shape. Explain this.

A

the secondary & tertiary villi make everything radial.
the intervillous spaces are filled with syncytium
the embryo is suspened in the chorionic cavity by the connecting stalk.

33
Q

What is different about fetal hemoglobin in comparison to maternal hemoglobin?

A

fetal hemoglobin has a higher oxygen carrying capacity
a fetus has a 50% higher conc’n of hemoglobin
can bind oxygen better if at a low Pco2.

34
Q

What are the waste products of the fetus?

A 
stuff with nitrogen
NOT proteins
urea
uric acid
creatinine
35
Q

What does hCG come from? What is its fcn?

A

synctial trophoblast cells

it prevents the involution of the corpus luteum

36
Q

When do you start seeing hCG? When does it peak?

A

Start seeing: 8-9 days after ovulation

Peak: 10-12 weeks

37
Q

When can hCG be helpful in determining pregnancy?

A

can help determine 7-10 days after pregnancy

38
Q

Describe the protein composition of hCG.

A

alpha chain + hCG beta chain + aldehyde chains

39
Q

What is the difference b/w the hCG beta chain & LH beta chain?

A

the hCG beta has a longer half life & more aldehyde chains

40
Q

When does hCG go away?

A

around the end of the 1st trimester

41
Q

What is the exact target of hCG? What is its signaling pattern?

A

targets the corpus luteum
also targets the fetal Leydig cells to increase testosterone production for the formation of Wolffian ducts
LH binds the receptor–>cAMP rises–>PKA activated

42
Q

During pregnancy, where do estrogens come from?

A

synctial trophoblast cells

43
Q

Why can’t the placenta directly turn progesterone into estrogens?

A

b/c it lacks 17 alpha hydroxylase

44
Q

How are estrogens produced during pregnancy?

A

Mom’s adrenal cortex: secretes testosterone & DHEA-S (androgenic form)
*these go to the placenta & are converted into estradiol & estrone.
Baby: CRH levels high, makes ACTH levels high. Fetal adrenal cortex secretes DHEA-S (non-androgenic form). Goes to the liver & is converted into 16-hydroxy DHEA-S.
*this goes to the placenta & becomes estriol.

45
Q

Why is the trophoblastic layer of the placenta capable of producing so much estrogen?

A

b/c it has a bunch of sulfatases & aromatases

46
Q

What are the effects of a ton of estrogen in the system?

A

enlargement of the mother’s uterus
enlargement of the mother’s breasts
enlargement of the mother’s external genitalia
relaxation of mom’s pelvic ligaments

47
Q

What is the importance of progesterone during pregnancy?

A

relaxes the uterus to avoid spontaneous abortion
causes decidualization of the endometrial stroma–>this provides nutrition
causes secretions from the uterine tubes so that the early embryo can had nutrition
inhibits GnRH–>corpus luteum therefore doesn’t regress & new folliculogenesis doesn’t begin. FSH & LH levels are low.

48
Q

What is the function of human chorionic somatomammotropin? What is another name for it?

A

human placental lactogen
grows the mammary gland
grows the fetus
reduces glucose tolerance

49
Q

Where does hCS come from? What is its structure? What is the length of its half life roughly?

A

comes from syncytial trophoblast
polypeptide
has a short half-life

50
Q

When do you stop seeing increases in hCS? What is its clinical usefulness?

A

increases until the 36th week

useful in diagnosis of decreased placental mass

51
Q

Which things from the mom produce relaxin?

A

corpus luteum
ovary
breast

52
Q

Which things from the pregnancy produce relaxin?

A

placenta
chorion
decidua

53
Q

When does the amount of relaxin peak?

A

during the first trimester

54
Q

Describe the structure of relaxin receptors.

A

RXFP1
RXFP2
G-protein coupled receptors

55
Q

Where are relaxin receptors found?

A

heart
smooth muscle
CT
nervous tissue

56
Q

What are the functions of relaxin in animals?

A 
widens pubic bone to facilitate labor
softens cervix
relaxes uterine musculature
inhibits collagen synthesis 
promotes collagen breakdown via increased matrix metalloproteinases 
enhances angiogenesis
acts as a vasodilator
57
Q

How much weight does a mother gain during pregnancy? How much does a mother’s metabolism increase?

A

Weight Gain: 24 pounds

Metabolism increases by 15%

58
Q

How much more blood volume does a pregnant mother have? How much amniotic fluid is there?

A

Amniotic Fluid: 500-1000 mL

Blood volume is 30% above normal due to fluid retention

59
Q

What happens to cardiac output during pregnancy?

A

CO increases by 30-40% by the 27th week; falls in the last 8 weeks

60
Q

What happens to respiration during pregnancy?

A

increases by 20%

61
Q

What is preeclampsia? When do you start seeing it?

A

preeclampsia starts @ 20th week of gestation

involves HTN & leakage of protein into the urine

62
Q

What is eclampsia?

A

extreme form of preeclampsia

63
Q

Describe some of the factors that help in delivery of the baby?

A 
increased uterine excitability
increased ratio of estrogen/progesterone
oxytocin from mom
oxytocin from baby
prostaglandins from baby
cortisol from baby
64
Q

What are some mechanical factors that affect uterine contractility?

A

stretch of uterine musculature

irritation of the cervix

65
Q

What’s the deal with oxytocin?

A

pos. feedback
secreted from the neurohypophysis
oxytocine receptors on uterine muscle increase

66
Q

Describe the positive feedback deal w/ delivery?

A

stretching of the cervix by the fetal head…uterine contraction…more stretching…more contraction.

67
Q

Describe 3 of the main roles of oxytocin

A

hastens delivery
promotes delivery of placenta
reduces bleeding

68
Q

Can oxytocin induce labor?

A

Yes, but usu it only starts once the cervix is stretched.

69
Q

Describe the increasing frequency of labor contractions.

A

starts out every 30 minutes.

ends up every 1-3 minutes

70
Q

What percentage of babies go out head first?

A

95%

71
Q

What is the 1st stage of delivery?

A

cervix dilation to the size of the head
8-24 hours
visceral sensory hypogastric nerves

72
Q

What is the 2nd stage of delivery?

A 
1-30 minutes
membrane rapture 
loss of amniotic fluid
head out
somatic nerves to spinal cord
73
Q

how long before the uterus involutes?

A

4-5 weeks

74
Q

Which hormone does hCS mimic?

A

prolactin–milk production

75
Q

What part of breast development does estrogen stimulate?

A

lactiferous ducts
stroma
fat

76
Q

What part of breast development does progesterone stimulate?

A

lobulo-alveolar system

77
Q

What are 2 hormones that suppress milk production?

A

estrogen & progesterone

when you give birth you lose those things & then you get milk production.

78
Q

Describe the breast ejection reflex?

A 
suckling
sensory impulse to spinal cord
goes to hypothalamus
posterior pituitary secretes Oxytocin
contraction of myoepithelial cells
milk from alveoli gets into ducts
**milk removal required for continued lactation
**reflex doesn't diminish over time

Block 3; Week 8 (8 decks)

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