TBI Flashcards
What is TBI?
It’s a nondegenerative acquired brain injury, resulting from an external physical force to the head or other mechanisms of displacement of the brain within the skull.
List symptoms of TBI based on the DSM5 criteria
- changes in levels of consciousness
- memory disturbances
- confusion associated with deficits in orientation
- neurological signs
Severity of TBI is based on
- the extent and nature of injury
- duration of loss of consciousness
- posttraumatic amnesia
- extent of confusion at initial assessment during the acute phase of injury
Define the following levels of severity - mild
loss of consciousness lasting up to 30 mins; or confused or disoriented state lasting less than 24 hrs; or memory loss lasting less than 24 hrs. Excludes penetrating TBI. Results of a CT scan are normal.
Define the following levels of severity - moderate
loss of consciousness more than 30 mins, but less than 24 hours; or confused or disoriented state lasting more than 24 hrs; or memory loss lasting more than 24 hrs, but less than 7 days. Excludes penetrating TBI. Results of a CT scan are abnormal.
Define the following levels of severity - severe
loss of consciousness more than 24 hrs; or confused or disoriented state lasting more than 24 hrs; or memory loss lasting more than 7 days. Excludes penetrating TBI.
Define incidence
the number of new cases identified in a specific time period
Define prevalence
the number of individuals who are living with TBI in a given time period
According to statistic on TBI, what are the two factors affecting TBI incidence and prevalence among the following factors?
age and gender
What is concussion?
a type of TBI caused by a bump, jolt, or blow to the head by a hit to the body that causes the head and brain to move rapidly back and forth
What are the types of concussion?
blast injury, direct impact injury, acceleration-deceleration injury
What are the main symptoms of concussion?
cognitive (amnesia, confusion, answers slowly, etc.), emotional (irritability, sadness, nervous or anxious, etc.), sleep (sleep more or less than usual, hard to fall asleep, etc.), physical (headache, dizziness, neck pain, etc.)
What is CTE? Write the full name and explain what it is.
Chronic traumatic encephalopathy
- a progressive degenerative disease of the brain found in people with a history of repetitive brain trauma.
What is the cause of CTE?
repetitive concussion and sub-concussive hits
Why does CTE matter?
It matters because it is progressive. Moreover, it is caused by sub-concussive hits, which means people can have it without noticing it because it is not severe as concussion. However, it causes problems with thinking and memory, personality change, and behavioral change.
What are two indicators of recovery form TBI?
Duration of coma and duration of amnesia
What is sensory stimulation in TBI? Explain how you would use this sensory stimulation with examples.
The systematic exposure of an individual in a comatose or minimally conscious state to a variety of visual, auditory, tactile, olfactory, and kinesthetic stimuli to improve arousal and level of consciousness and to prevent sensory deprivation.
Examples: playing favorite music, changing lights, light touch, firm pressure, exposure to both pleasant and unpleasant scents, moving patient’s limb
What is direct instruction?
a comprehensive instructional technique that involves identifying target and prerequisite skills; conducting a task analysis to break skills down into smaller steps; providing models; giving consistent and immediate feedback, and providing both massed practice and spaced/distributed practice
metacognitive skills training
uses goal-setting strategies to facilitate learning and behavioral success; use strategies such as self-talk, self-reflection, mental imagery, and agendas that provide feedback and track progress toward goals
compensatory strategy training
capitalizes on intact skills to overcome deficits; use internal aids and external aids
what is errorless training?
It tries to minimize errors as the individual learns a new skill by breaking skill down into smaller steps, modeling before the first attempt at performing the task, giving immediate corrective feedback, and carefully fading supports and prompts; spaced/distributed practice may facilitate errorless learning
what are the purposes of group therapy in TBI? List at least two
support each other so they don’t feel lonely; generalize skills that they learned in the individual session; self-assessment to develop realistic sense of ability/disability
What is ABCD?
It’s a comprehensive battery for story retell. The clinician will tell a story and ask the client to retell it back. Then, the clinician will score based on how much details the client has included.
