Taylors

Question 1

Changeable and reduces risk

Answer 1

HTN, SMoking

Question 2

HTN confers and increase CAD risk through which 4 mech?

Answer 2

1. sheer stress → endothelial cell injury
2. arterial wall stress → pathological cell signaling
3. circulating hormones → aldos + NE have adverse effects on wall
4. increased heart work → LVH

Question 3

HTN is a bigger risk factor in which, stroke or CAD?

Answer 3

Stroke!

Question 4

How does HDL oppose atherothrombosis?

Answer 4

1. blocks LDL oxidation
2. Reverse cholesterol transport (enhanced)
3. ↑ NO synthesis
4. ↓ adhesion molecules

Question 5

Diff between skeletal muscle and

Answer 5

myocardial muscle depends on aerobic metabolism!

*remember supply ox demand?

Question 6

What change in blood vessel can compensate for the drop in pressure?

Answer 6

dilation of resistance vessels after stenosis

Question 7

3 factors that increase myocardial oxygen demand

Answer 7

1. HR
2. Wall tension
3. Inotropic state

Question 8

Impaired ca2+ reuptake into SR results in __________

Decreased phosphates results in ________

Answer 8

diastolic dysfunction
(cant reuptake into SR - cant relax)

Systolic dysfunction

Question 9

3 causes of aortic aneurisms

Answer 9

atherosclerosis
marfans
syphylis

Question 10

Monosomy X (Turner syndrome) results in which malformations?

Answer 10

coarctation of aorta
bicuspid aortic valve
hypoplastic left heart syndrome

Question 11

DiGeorge
Noonan
Williams
results in which malformations?

Answer 11

DiGeorge: Tetralogy of fallot, truncus arteriosus, aortic arch deficit

Noonan: pulmonary stenosis

Williams: aortic stenosis

Question 12

DiGeorge
Noonan
Williams
results in which malformations?

Answer 12

DiGeorge: Tetralogy of fallot, truncus arteriosus, aortic arch deficit

Noonan: pulmonary stenosis

Williams: Supravalvar aortic stenosis

Question 13

Rubella (infectious) can result in which congenital malformation?

Answer 13

PDA

Question 14

Describe A v B dissections

Answer 14

A - involves ascending aorta

B - dissections that take off after great vessels

Question 15

Which vasculitis is associated with med-small arteries with lesions at various stages?

Answer 15

polyarteritis nodosa

Question 16

Which vasculitis is associated with arterioles, capillaries, venules, with lesions at the same stages?

Answer 16

Microscopicpolyarteritis

Question 17

Which vasculitis is associated with arteries of the head, temporal arteries, opthalmic branch?

• what is a complication?
• population affected?

Answer 17

Temporal arteritis

blindness

elderly >50

Question 18

What type of vasculitis involves both lungs and kidneys and has a >90% mortality in 2 years if left untreated?

Answer 18

wegener’s granulomatosis

Question 19

Which vasculitis large vessels, affects aorta, main br of pulm aa?

• pop affected?
• symp?

Answer 19

Takayasu’s arteritis (pulseless disease)

younger people

Question 20

Which vasculitis commonly affects infancy and early childhood?

• common symp
• which artery is commonly affected?

Answer 20

kawasaki’s

fever, erythema of palms and soles

coronary a

Question 21

Which vasculitis is associated with cigarette smokers? It leads to thrombosis of which vessels?
It leads to which complication?

Answer 21

Buerger’s disease

medium sized vessels, tibial/radial arteries

• gangrene
• nerve pain

Question 22

Which vasculitis involves clots forming in deep leg veins and can result in death from pulmonary emboli (saddle embolus)

Answer 22

thrombophlebitis

Question 23

Which vasculitis is associated with cigarette smokers? It leads to thrombosis of which vessels?

Answer 23

Buerger’s disease

medium sized vessels, tibial/radial arteries

• gangrene in smokers
• nerve pain

Question 24

Drivers of plaque instability

Answer 24

1. MMP
2. Intraplaque hemorrhage –> weaken core
3. Macrophage apoptosis/necrosis
   - secretes proinflammatory signals

Question 25

Statins decrease which two things that indicate CV risk?

Answer 25

cholesterol and CRP

Question 26

what does lit say about anti-inflammatory meds preventing CV events?

Answer 26

No proven benefits | ie: in RA/psoriasis

Question 27

4 risk factors for PAD

Answer 27

diabetes smoking lipids HTN

Question 28

Difference between acute limb ischemia and claudication?

Answer 28

Both are PAD conditions ALI: blockage that causes ischemic rest pain, ulcers, worsened by elevation Claudication: obstructive stable plaque causes exertional ischemia --> ouchie

Question 29

Signs of PAD

Answer 29

``` • Decreased or absent pulses • Bruits (abdominal, femoral) • Muscle atrophy • In severe PAD: ○ Pallor of feet with elevation § Red when dangling, white when lifted ○ Dependent rubor (CRITICAL!!) ```

Question 30

Two mech of aortic dissection

Answer 30

tear in the intima rupture of vasa vasorum (ie: syphilis)

Question 31

what does the suffix - Parinux and -xaban tell you?

Answer 31

- parinux : indirect factor Xa inhibitors (requires AT as cofactor) - xaban : direct Xa inhibitors

Question 32

At what ejection fraction should beta-blockers be prescribed?

Question 33

Name that vessel that does the following blood flow from the placenta blood flow from the yolk sac blood flow form the embryo

Answer 33

- umbilical vein - vitelline vein - cardinal vein

Question 34

What keeps the PDA open? What closes it?

Answer 34

Open: PGE2 Close: Cox inhibitors, PaO2

Question 35

What does a machine like murmur indicate?

Answer 35

PDA! | continuous sound

Question 36

two neg outcomes of untreated PDA

Answer 36

subacute bacterial endocarditis | eisenmenger's syndrome

Question 37

What heart sound is heard with a large ASD?

Answer 37

Widely split S2 | RV overload due to shint causes delayed P2 closure (not related to blood across the shunt)

Question 38

Clinical complications of coarctation due to decreased blood flow in Infants Older children

Answer 38

Infants: necrotizing enterocolitis Children: Claudication in legs Increase RAAS due to lower kidney perfusion