Taxonomy, Viruses, And The 5 Kingdoms Notes Flashcards
What is taxonomy?
The branch of biology that groups and names organisms, with taxonomists being the practitioners in this field.
About how many organisms have been discovered?
About 2.5 million, although it is thought that there could be millions left undiscovered.
Who was Aristotle and what did he do for the field of taxonomy?
He was a famous Greek philosopher 2000 years ago that put things into two groups, plant and animal.
Who is considered the “father of taxonomy” and why is he considered this?
Carlous Linnaeus was a Swedish botanist in the 1700’s who is considered the “father of taxonomy”. He gave an organism two names: a genus and a species.
What is the order of the seven classification levels from most to least broad?
- kingdom
- phylum
- class
- order
- family
- genus
- species
King Phillip Came Over For Great Spaghetti–>KPCOFGS
Into what five groups are the kingdoms divided?
- Animalia (animals)
- Plantae (plants)
- Protista (protists)
- Fungi (fungus)
- Monera (viruses and bacteria)
How are the kingdoms divided?
All are similar by the way cells look and what the cells do.
What is a phylum?
A group of closely related classes.
What is a class?
A group of closely related orders.
What is an order?
A group of closely related families.
What is a family?
Ohana.
OoOoOr, a group of closely related geni (the plural of genus).
What is a genus?
A group of closely related species.
What is a species?
Only ONE kind of organism. All have similar characteristics (within the same species) and can reproduce with each other to create fertile (not sterile) offspring.
What is binomial nomenclature?
It is a naming thing. It’s the genus and species, both with their first letter capitalized and the entire name either underlined or italicized.
What are some characteristics of Monera?
•unicellular (one cell)
•no nucleus
•no organelles
•divided into two groups:
~archaebacteria, who live in extreme environments (ex: hot sulfur springs)
~eubacteria, who live in normal environments (ex: soil)
What is classification?
When you group objects/things together that are similar in some way.
What are some characteristics of Protista?
- microscopic organisms with a nucleus
- they have organelles and membranes
- most are unicellular
- the multicellular ones are algae (seaweed)
What are some characteristics of Fungi?
- multicellular
- some unicellular (ex: yeast)
- have a cell wall like plants
- decompose organic materials and returns those compounds back into the soil
What is the cell wall of a fungus made out of?
Chitin (a protein), unlike plants who have cell walls made of cellulose (sugar).
What are hyphae?
Fungus “roots” with enzymes to break things down.
What are mycelium?
Bunches of hyphae (“fuzzy stuff”).
What are some characteristics of Plantae?
- multicellular
- cell wall made of cellulose
- ALL have chlorophyll inside of chloroplasts and make their own food
What do you call something that makes its own food?
An autotroph
What do you call something that gets its energy by eating other organisms?
A heterotroph
What are some of the characteristics of Animalia?
- multicellular
- most have organs that make up organ systems
- get food by eating other plants or animals (heterotrophs)
- can move great distances to other areas (relative to their size)
What can we determine by looking at relationships between organisms?
The phylogeny or evolutionary development and history of a species.
What do scientists often use to determine phylogeny?
A cladogram
What are some characteristics of a virus?
- non-living
- no organelles
- do not grow
- do not make food
- do not create waste
- made of a nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) covered by a protein shell (capsid)
What are bacteriophages?
Viruses that attack bacteria
On what do viruses depend in order to survive and reproduce?
Living cells
Viruses can only make new viruses where?
Inside of living cells
What are the five steps in virus reproduction?
- A virus attaches to a cell
- A virus injects its DNA/RNA into the cell (called a “host cell”)
- The virus DNA/RNA tells the cell to make new virus parts
- The parts form new viruses
- The cell membrane breaks. The new viruses get out and infect other cells.
What is the lysogenic cycle?
When the virus’ DNA/RNA (genetic material) enters the cell, it sometimes goes into a dormant or “sleep” period. This generally does not hurt the cell.
What is the lytic cycle?
Towards the end of the virus’ cycle, the viruses burst out and kill the cell. The new baby viruses now go to infect new cells.
What are three moneran and virus shapes?
- spirilla (spiral)
- cocci (circle)
- bacilli (rectangle?)
