Taxonomy, Viruses, And The 5 Kingdoms Notes

Question 1

What is taxonomy?

Answer 1

The branch of biology that groups and names organisms, with taxonomists being the practitioners in this field.

Question 2

About how many organisms have been discovered?

Answer 2

About 2.5 million, although it is thought that there could be millions left undiscovered.

Question 3

Who was Aristotle and what did he do for the field of taxonomy?

Answer 3

He was a famous Greek philosopher 2000 years ago that put things into two groups, plant and animal.

Question 4

Who is considered the “father of taxonomy” and why is he considered this?

Answer 4

Carlous Linnaeus was a Swedish botanist in the 1700’s who is considered the “father of taxonomy”. He gave an organism two names: a genus and a species.

Question 5

What is the order of the seven classification levels from most to least broad?

Answer 5

• kingdom
• phylum
• class
• order
• family
• genus
• species

King Phillip Came Over For Great Spaghetti–>KPCOFGS

Question 6

Into what five groups are the kingdoms divided?

Answer 6

• Animalia (animals)
• Plantae (plants)
• Protista (protists)
• Fungi (fungus)
• Monera (viruses and bacteria)

Question 7

How are the kingdoms divided?

Answer 7

All are similar by the way cells look and what the cells do.

Question 8

What is a phylum?

Answer 8

A group of closely related classes.

Question 9

What is a class?

Answer 9

A group of closely related orders.

Question 10

What is an order?

Answer 10

A group of closely related families.

Question 11

What is a family?

Answer 11

Ohana.

OoOoOr, a group of closely related geni (the plural of genus).

Question 12

What is a genus?

Answer 12

A group of closely related species.

Question 13

What is a species?

Answer 13

Only ONE kind of organism. All have similar characteristics (within the same species) and can reproduce with each other to create fertile (not sterile) offspring.

Question 14

What is binomial nomenclature?

Answer 14

It is a naming thing. It’s the genus and species, both with their first letter capitalized and the entire name either underlined or italicized.

Question 15

What are some characteristics of Monera?

Answer 15

•unicellular (one cell)
•no nucleus
•no organelles
•divided into two groups:
~archaebacteria, who live in extreme environments (ex: hot sulfur springs)
~eubacteria, who live in normal environments (ex: soil)

Question 16

What is classification?

Answer 16

When you group objects/things together that are similar in some way.

Question 17

What are some characteristics of Protista?

Answer 17

• microscopic organisms with a nucleus
• they have organelles and membranes
• most are unicellular
• the multicellular ones are algae (seaweed)

Question 18

What are some characteristics of Fungi?

Answer 18

• multicellular
• some unicellular (ex: yeast)
• have a cell wall like plants
• decompose organic materials and returns those compounds back into the soil

Question 19

What is the cell wall of a fungus made out of?

Answer 19

Chitin (a protein), unlike plants who have cell walls made of cellulose (sugar).

Question 20

What are hyphae?

Answer 20

Fungus “roots” with enzymes to break things down.

Question 21

What are mycelium?

Answer 21

Bunches of hyphae (“fuzzy stuff”).

Question 22

What are some characteristics of Plantae?

Answer 22

• multicellular
• cell wall made of cellulose
• ALL have chlorophyll inside of chloroplasts and make their own food

Question 23

What do you call something that makes its own food?

Answer 23

An autotroph

Question 24

What do you call something that gets its energy by eating other organisms?

Answer 24

A heterotroph

Question 25

What are some of the characteristics of Animalia?

Answer 25

• multicellular
• most have organs that make up organ systems
• get food by eating other plants or animals (heterotrophs)
• can move great distances to other areas (relative to their size)

Question 26

What can we determine by looking at relationships between organisms?

Answer 26

The phylogeny or evolutionary development and history of a species.

Question 27

What do scientists often use to determine phylogeny?

Answer 27

A cladogram

Question 28

What are some characteristics of a virus?

Answer 28

• non-living
• no organelles
• do not grow
• do not make food
• do not create waste
• made of a nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) covered by a protein shell (capsid)

Question 29

What are bacteriophages?

Answer 29

Viruses that attack bacteria

Question 30

On what do viruses depend in order to survive and reproduce?

Answer 30

Living cells

Question 31

Viruses can only make new viruses where?

Answer 31

Inside of living cells

Question 32

What are the five steps in virus reproduction?

Answer 32

1. A virus attaches to a cell
2. A virus injects its DNA/RNA into the cell (called a “host cell”)
3. The virus DNA/RNA tells the cell to make new virus parts
4. The parts form new viruses
5. The cell membrane breaks. The new viruses get out and infect other cells.

Question 33

What is the lysogenic cycle?

Answer 33

When the virus’ DNA/RNA (genetic material) enters the cell, it sometimes goes into a dormant or “sleep” period. This generally does not hurt the cell.

Question 34

What is the lytic cycle?

Answer 34

Towards the end of the virus’ cycle, the viruses burst out and kill the cell. The new baby viruses now go to infect new cells.

Question 35

What are three moneran and virus shapes?

Answer 35

• spirilla (spiral)
• cocci (circle)
• bacilli (rectangle?)