Taxonomy Quiz Flashcards
Characteristics of Phylum Porifera
- Sponges
- Pore-forming animals at cellular level of organization
- 3 body forms: asconoid, syconoid, leuconoid
Phylum Cnidaria contains which classes?
- Class Hydrozoa (hydroids)
- Class Anthozoa (anemones)
- Class Scyphazoa (jellies)
Characteristics of Phylum Cnidaria
- Radial Symmetry
- Tissue level of organization
- Diploblastic (ectoderm and endoderm)
- Gastrovascular cavity: signle opening which serves as both the mouth and anus)
- Unique organelle: cnidocytes which contain nematocytes (stinging cells)
Characteristics of Class Hydrozoa (hydroids)
- Polyp and medusa stage
- Hydra only exists in polyp stage
- ex. Gonionemus
Characteristics of Class Anthozoa (anemones)
- Sea anemones and corals
- Exist in polyp stage only, no medusa stage
- Symbiotic relationship with dinoflagellates call zooxanthellae, live inside coral
Characteristics of Class Scyphazoa (jellies)
- True jelly (absence of velum)
- Entirely marine
- Primarily medusa stage, polyp stage reduced or absent
- Aurelia
Phylum Platyhelminthes contains which classes?
- Class Turbellaria
- Class Trematoda
- Class Cestoda
Characteristics of Phylum Platyhelminthes
- Flatworms
- Bilateral symmetry
- Triploblastic (ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm)
- ectoderm = outer epithelium
- endoderm = lining of gut tract
- mesoderm = tissue between ectoderm and endoderm like muscles, excretory structures, undifferentiated cells
- Acoelomate: no body cavity (fluid-filled space)
- Cephalization: formation of a distinct head
- Organ level of organization
- Parasitic or free-living
- Excretory system with flame cells
- Nervous system
- Incomplete digestive tract (single opening for ingestion of food and elimination of waste)
Characteristics of Class Turbellaria
- Free-living
- Anteriorly located sense organs and well-developed muscular system (making them a plesiomorphic group because retains features of this phylum while the other classes of this phylum do not)
- Dugesia aka planarian flatworm
Characteristics of Class Trematoda
- Endoparasite
- Digenetic: life cycle requires 2 or more hosts
- intermediate host - snails
- final/primary host - vertebrate
- Asexual reproduction occurs in intermediate host
- Sexual reproduction occurs in final host
- Clonorchis aka liver fluke
- Fasciola aka sheep liver fluke
-
Schistosoma aka human blood fluke
- lives in blood vessels by gut (nutrient source)
- burrows into skin
- female resides in gynecophoric canal of male
- sexually dimorphic: males and females look different
- males are considerably larger than females
Characteristics of Class Cestoda
- Aka tapeworm
- Endoparasite
- Absorb nutrients with suckers (no mouth) directly through body walls of host’s gut
- Proglottids: series of body segments
Phylum Mollusca contains which classes?
- Class Polyplacophora
- Class Gastropoda
- Class Bivalvia
- Class Cephalopoda
Characteristics of Phylum Mollusca
- triploblastic
- bilateral symmetry
- well-defined circulatory, respiratory, excretory, and digestive systems
- 3 main body areas:
- head-food: sensory and locomotion
- visceral mass: circulatory, respiratory, excretory, and digestive systems
- mantle: secretes shell
Characteristics of Class Polyplacophora
- aka chiton
- entirely marine
- oval bodies with 8 dorsal plates
- use foot for locomotion
Characteristics of Class Gastropoda
- aka snails and slugs
- primarily marine, some freshwater and terrestrial
- use muscular foot for locomotion
- intermediate host for Trematoda
Characteristics of Class Bivalvia
- includes clams, oysters, mussels
- shell with two halves
- umbo points anteriorly
Characteristics of Class Cephalopoda
- includes octopuses and squids
- highly evolved visual system
- all marine
- use jet propulsion for locomotion
Phylum Annelida contains which classes
- Class Polychaeta
- Class Oligochaeta
- Class Hirundinea
Characteristics of Phylum Annelida
- aka segmented worms
- triploblastic
- bilateral symmetry
- eucoelomate: fluid-filled body cavity
- complete digestive tract
- nervous system with some degree of cephalization with a “brain”
Characteristics of Class Polychaeta
- mostly marine, seldom freshwater
- segmented with pair of parapodia (use for locomotion and gas exchange)
- each parapodium has setae (bristles that help navigate through soil)
- found in soft soils
- Nerius
Characteristics of Class Oligochaeta
- aka earthworms
- no parapodia and fewer setae
- mostly terrestrial, some freshwater
- clitellum: swollen area in anterior third of specimen that secretes mucus to hold 2 specimens together during sperm exchange and cocoon formation around fertilized eggs
Characteristics of Class Hirundinea
- aka freshwater leeches
- ectoparasite
- terrestrial and aquatic
- yes clitellum, no setae or parapodia
Phylum Nematoda contains which species
- Ascaris (roundworm)
- Trichinella*
- Hookworm
- Enterobius
Characteristics of Phylum Nematoda
- triploblastic
- pseudocoelom: body cavity lined by mesoderm externally and endoderm internally
- ecdysis: ability to shed exoskeleton as the organism grows
Characteristics of Ascaris (roundworm)
- sexually dimorphic
- males usually smaller, have hook-shaped posterior end
- intestinal parasite of vertebrates
- acquired via fecal-oral contamination
Characteristics of Trichinella
- intestinal parasite
- juveniles are encysted in host’s skeletal muscle
- acquired via undercooked meats
Characteristics of Hookworm
- route of infestation: juvenile hookworm comes in contact with skin, burrows into host, travels via bloodstream to lung, moves up respiratory tract, then swallowed
- intestinal parasite
Characteristics of Enterobius
- live in large intestines of humans
- infestation: Nasty asshole one… Can’t forget it! Disgusting.
Phylum Arthropoda contains which Subphylums and which Classes?
- Subphylum Trilobita
- Subphylum Chelicerata
- Class Merostomata
- Class Arachnida
- Subphylum Uniramia
- Class Chilopda
- Class Diploda
- Class Insecta
Characteristics of Phylum Arthropoda
- metamerism: segmented body
- head, thorax, abdomen
- sometimes cephalothorax
Characteristics of Subphylum Trilobita
- extinct
- do not confuse with chiton
- head, thorax, abdomen
- all marine
Characteristics of Subphylum Chelicerata
- chelicerae: first pair of appendages for manipulating food
- pedipalps: second pair of appendages for capturing prey
- 4 pairs of walking legs
- cephalothorax and abdomen
- Contains Class Merostomata and Class Arachnida
Characteristics of Class Merostomata
- aka horseshoe crab
- simple eye: light and texture
- compound eye: vision
Characteristics of Class Arachnida
- includes spiders, scorpions, ticks, mites
- pedipalps - modified in males for transferring sperm
- spinnerets
Subphylum Chelicerata contains which Classes?
- Class Merostomata
- Class Arachnida
Subphylum Uniramia contains which Classes?
- Class Chilopoda
- Class Diplopoda
- Class Insecta
Characteristics of Class Chilopoda
- aka centipedes
- 1 pair of legs/body segment
- fangs to deliver poison
- predators
- found in moist places
Characteristics of Class Diplopoda
- aka millipedes
- 2 pairs of legs/body segment
- herbivores or scavengers
- found in moist places
Characteristics of Class Insecta
- 3 pairs of walking legs on thorax, 1 pair antennae, 3 body segments, 1 or 2 pairs of wings
- halteres: counterbalance for wings
- beetles only - elytra: covering of membranous wing when not in use
- 4 mouthparts:
- chewing (ex. honeybee)
- sponging/lapping (ex. fly)
- siphoning (ex. butterfly)
- sucking (ex. mosquito)
Characteristics of Phylum Onychophora (velvet worms)
- have characteristics of annelids and arthropods
- “missing link” between the two phyla
- looks like modern day onychophorans
5 major characteristics of Phylum Chordata
- 5 major characteristics:
- notocord: rigid structure on posterior side
- made of cartilage or bone
- in us, intervertebral discs
- dorsal hollow nerve cord: spinal cord
- pharyngeal gill slit/pouch: used for filter feeding
- in us, Eustachian tube is remnant pouch
- post-anal tail: locomotion, counterbalance
- endostyle: produces mucus for digestion
- in us, thyroid gland
Characteristics of Subphylum Cephalochordata
- aka lancelet
- ex. Amphioxus
- found burrowed into sand and mud
- filter-feeder
Characteristics of Subphylum Urochordata
- tunicates aka sea squirts
- larval stage - notochord and dorsal hollow nerve cord present; free-swimming
- adult stage - no notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, or post-anal tail; yes pharyngeal gill slits
Subphylum Vertebrata contains which species?
- Agnathans
- Fish
- Sharks
- Tetrapods
Characteristics of Superclass Agnatha - Jawless
- jawless vertebrates
- paired fins
- notochord present
Superclass Agnatha (jawless) contains which Classes?
- Class Petromyzontida (Lampreys)
- Class Myxini (Hagfishes)
Characteristics of Class Petromyzontida (Lampreys)
- eel-like, naked body
- cartilaginous skeleton
- possess medial nostril, medial fins, notochord persistent
- scavengers or ectoparasites
Characteristics of Class Myxini (Hagfishes)
- eel-like, naked body
- cartilaginous skeleton
- tongue transformed into rasping organ
- 5-15 gills in pouches
- marine
- slime glands: produces thick, mucus-like secretion to ward off predators and to clear away nasty stuff from dead things they want to eat
- scavengers
Superclass Gnathostomata (jaws) contains which Class?
- Class Chondrichthyes
Characteristics of Class Chondrichthyes
- jawed fishes
- jaws evolved from gill bars
- cartilaginous skeletons
- no swim bladder
- ampullae of Lorenzini: special sensing organ, electroreceptors within jelly-filled canal
- oviparous (egg laying), viviparous (birth live young, not eggs), ovoviviparous (birth live young from egg that hatched within body)
- heterocercal: taller top lobe of tail vs bottom
Characteristics of Subclass Elasmobranchii (Sharks and Rays)
- placoid scales
- heterocercal tail
- 5-7 gill arches
- lateral line system: detects movement and vibrations in surrounding
- pelvic fins (males only)
- intestine has spiral valve (slows digestion)
- sharks maintain buoyancy with highly oily liver
- rays have spiracles near gill chamber to keep gills oxygenated
- claspers - male only
Characteristics of Subclass Holocephali (Chimaeras and Ratfishes)
- plate-like teeth
- 4 pelvic claspers (males only)
Characteristics of Class Actinistia (Coelacanth)
- aka lobe-finned fish
- cosmoid scales
- live in deep ocean
- once thought to be extinct but some found in S Africa and Indonesia
- coelacanths (swim bladder filled with fat for buoyancy)
Characteristics of Class Dipnoi* (Lungfishes)
- bone ossified from cartilage
- lungs or swim bladder - gas exchange and buoyancy
- operculum: bony covering over gills, creates negative pressure to bring fresh water over gills
- advanced fin placement (teleost) - more maneuverable
Characteristics of Class Actinopterygii (Ray-finned Fishes)
- usually ganoid, cycloid, or ctenoid scales
- not cosmoid
- or sometimes lacking scales
- no spiral valve in intestines
- lateral line
- homocercal tail: upper and lower tails are same size
- rete mirabile (marvelous capillary net): keeps brain cool, countercurrent heat exchange system
- Posses Jaws with Teeth
- Bony skeleton → Endochondral bone origin
- pated fins and median fins
- 4 paired gill arches covered by operculum
- Intestine - simple, no spiral valve
- Swim bladder (gas gland and Oval body)
- Rete mirabile (marvelous capillary net)
Characteristics of Class Amphibia
- since moving from water to land, need strong structural support
- some have lateral line
- cutaneous gas exchange across skin
- double circulation pattern
- circulate to gills and rest of body
- 3 chambered heart
- circulate to gills and rest of body
Characteristics of Subclass Lissamphibia
- varied body forms
- 3 chambered heart, double circ
- respiration - gills (some lack), lungs, or combo
- cutaneous respiration
- heterothermic (poikilothermic): varied body temperature, depends on environment
- returns to water to breed
- metamorphosis
- skin smooth & moist with glands (some toxic)
- internal & external fertilization
- Oviparous, viviparous
- hibernation
Class Lissamphibia contains which Orders?
- Order Urodela (tails) (=Caudata)
- Order ANura (no tailes)
- Order Apoda (no limbs) (=Gymnophiona = Caecilia)
Species of Order Urodela (tails) (=Caudata)
- Salamanders
Characteristics of Order Anura (no tails)
- includes frogs and toads
- tail absent, head and trunk continuous, no definite nec
Characteristics of Order Apoda (no limbs) (=Gymnophiona =Caecilia)
- aka caecilians
- worm-like amphibian with burrowing habits
- live in S America and tropics
- vestigial eyes
Characteristics of Reptiles
- 1 sacral vertebra
- soft shell eggs
Characteristics of Class Testudinata (Chelonia)
- aka turtles
- carapace: upper shell
- plastron: lower shell
- thoracic vertebrae and ribs fused to shell
- all oviparous
- anapsid skull
Characteristics of Class Crocodilia (21 species)
- aka crocodiles
- all oviparous
- temperature of nest determines sexes
- skull is highly fused
- 4 chambered heart
- crocs have pointed snouts vs alligators have rounded snouts
- teeth always visible, even with closed jaw
Characteristics of Class Lepidosaura (tuatara/lizard/snakes)
- Skull
- Order Rhynchocoephalia
- Order Squamata
Characteristics of Order Rhynchocoephalia
- aka tuatara
- found on in New Zealand
- true diapsid skull
- parietal eye with lens material
Characteristics of Order Squamata
- aka lizards and snakes
- most have 4 legs, some are legless
- diapsid skull
- lizards only - eyelids
- mostly oviparous, some ovoviviparous or viviparous
Characteristics of Class Aves
- aka birds
- pygostyle: where feathers attach
- homeothermic
- “hollow” bone so they can fly
- unique characteristics - feathers and wings
- hard shell eggs
- marine birds have salt glands
Characteristics of Class Mammalia
- unique characteristics - mammary glands and hair
- homeothermic: constant body temperature
- endothermic: produce own body heat
- secondary palate
- 4 chambered heart
- integumentary system:
- sweat (eccrine)
- scent (apocrine)
- oil (sebaceous)
- internal fertilization
Characteristics of Subclass Prototheria (Echidna, duck-billed platypuses)
- egg laying mammals, oviparous
- mammary glands without nipples
Characteristics of Subclass Theria
- viviparous
- mammary glands with teats
- cloaca usually absent
Subclass Theria contains which Infraclasses
- Infraclass Meatheria (Marsupials)
- Infraclass Eutheria (Placentals)
Characteristics of Infraclass Meatheria (Marsupials)
- Marsupial pouch present
Characteristics of Infraclass Eutheria (Placentals)
- young retained in uterus for considerable amount of time
- nourished by allantoic placenta
- no pouch
- no cloaca
