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Taxonomy Quiz Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Characteristics of Phylum Porifera

A
  • Sponges
  • Pore-forming animals at cellular level of organization
  • 3 body forms: asconoid, syconoid, leuconoid
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2
Q

Phylum Cnidaria contains which classes?

A
  • Class Hydrozoa (hydroids)
  • Class Anthozoa (anemones)
  • Class Scyphazoa (jellies)
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3
Q

Characteristics of Phylum Cnidaria

A
  • Radial Symmetry
  • Tissue level of organization
  • Diploblastic (ectoderm and endoderm)
  • Gastrovascular cavity: signle opening which serves as both the mouth and anus)
  • Unique organelle: cnidocytes which contain nematocytes (stinging cells)
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4
Q

Characteristics of Class Hydrozoa (hydroids)

A
  • Polyp and medusa stage
  • Hydra only exists in polyp stage
  • ex. Gonionemus
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5
Q

Characteristics of Class Anthozoa (anemones)

A
  • Sea anemones and corals
  • Exist in polyp stage only, no medusa stage
  • Symbiotic relationship with dinoflagellates call zooxanthellae, live inside coral
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6
Q

Characteristics of Class Scyphazoa (jellies)

A
  • True jelly (absence of velum)
  • Entirely marine
  • Primarily medusa stage, polyp stage reduced or absent
  • Aurelia
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7
Q

Phylum Platyhelminthes contains which classes?

A
  • Class Turbellaria
  • Class Trematoda
  • Class Cestoda
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8
Q

Characteristics of Phylum Platyhelminthes

A
  • Flatworms
  • Bilateral symmetry
  • Triploblastic (ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm)
  • ectoderm = outer epithelium
  • endoderm = lining of gut tract
  • mesoderm = tissue between ectoderm and endoderm like muscles, excretory structures, undifferentiated cells
  • Acoelomate: no body cavity (fluid-filled space)
  • Cephalization: formation of a distinct head
  • Organ level of organization
  • Parasitic or free-living
  • Excretory system with flame cells
  • Nervous system
  • Incomplete digestive tract (single opening for ingestion of food and elimination of waste)
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9
Q

Characteristics of Class Turbellaria

A
  • Free-living
  • Anteriorly located sense organs and well-developed muscular system (making them a plesiomorphic group because retains features of this phylum while the other classes of this phylum do not)
  • Dugesia aka planarian flatworm
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10
Q

Characteristics of Class Trematoda

A
  • Endoparasite
  • Digenetic: life cycle requires 2 or more hosts
    • intermediate host - snails
    • final/primary host - vertebrate
  • Asexual reproduction occurs in intermediate host
  • Sexual reproduction occurs in final host
  • Clonorchis aka liver fluke
  • Fasciola aka sheep liver fluke
  • Schistosoma aka human blood fluke
    • lives in blood vessels by gut (nutrient source)
    • burrows into skin
    • female resides in gynecophoric canal of male
    • sexually dimorphic: males and females look different
      • males are considerably larger than females
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11
Q

Characteristics of Class Cestoda

A
  • Aka tapeworm
  • Endoparasite
  • Absorb nutrients with suckers (no mouth) directly through body walls of host’s gut
  • Proglottids: series of body segments
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12
Q

Phylum Mollusca contains which classes?

A
  • Class Polyplacophora
  • Class Gastropoda
  • Class Bivalvia
  • Class Cephalopoda
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13
Q

Characteristics of Phylum Mollusca

A
  • triploblastic
  • bilateral symmetry
  • well-defined circulatory, respiratory, excretory, and digestive systems
  • 3 main body areas:
    • head-food: sensory and locomotion
    • visceral mass: circulatory, respiratory, excretory, and digestive systems
    • mantle: secretes shell
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14
Q

Characteristics of Class Polyplacophora

A
  • aka chiton
  • entirely marine
  • oval bodies with 8 dorsal plates
  • use foot for locomotion
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15
Q

Characteristics of Class Gastropoda

A
  • aka snails and slugs
  • primarily marine, some freshwater and terrestrial
  • use muscular foot for locomotion
  • intermediate host for Trematoda
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16
Q

Characteristics of Class Bivalvia

A
  • includes clams, oysters, mussels
  • shell with two halves
  • umbo points anteriorly
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17
Q

Characteristics of Class Cephalopoda

A
  • includes octopuses and squids
  • highly evolved visual system
  • all marine
  • use jet propulsion for locomotion
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18
Q

Phylum Annelida contains which classes

A
  • Class Polychaeta
  • Class Oligochaeta
  • Class Hirundinea
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19
Q

Characteristics of Phylum Annelida

A
  • aka segmented worms
  • triploblastic
  • bilateral symmetry
  • eucoelomate: fluid-filled body cavity
  • complete digestive tract
  • nervous system with some degree of cephalization with a “brain”
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20
Q

Characteristics of Class Polychaeta

A
  • mostly marine, seldom freshwater
  • segmented with pair of parapodia (use for locomotion and gas exchange)
    • each parapodium has setae (bristles that help navigate through soil)
  • found in soft soils
  • Nerius
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21
Q

Characteristics of Class Oligochaeta

A
  • aka earthworms
  • no parapodia and fewer setae
  • mostly terrestrial, some freshwater
  • clitellum: swollen area in anterior third of specimen that secretes mucus to hold 2 specimens together during sperm exchange and cocoon formation around fertilized eggs
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22
Q

Characteristics of Class Hirundinea

A
  • aka freshwater leeches
  • ectoparasite
  • terrestrial and aquatic
  • yes clitellum, no setae or parapodia
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23
Q

Phylum Nematoda contains which species

A
  • Ascaris (roundworm)
    • Trichinella*
  • Hookworm
  • Enterobius
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24
Q

Characteristics of Phylum Nematoda

A
  • triploblastic
  • pseudocoelom: body cavity lined by mesoderm externally and endoderm internally
  • ecdysis: ability to shed exoskeleton as the organism grows
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25
Q

Characteristics of Ascaris (roundworm)

A
  • sexually dimorphic
    • males usually smaller, have hook-shaped posterior end
  • intestinal parasite of vertebrates
  • acquired via fecal-oral contamination
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26
Q

Characteristics of Trichinella

A
  • intestinal parasite
  • juveniles are encysted in host’s skeletal muscle
  • acquired via undercooked meats
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27
Q

Characteristics of Hookworm

A
  • route of infestation: juvenile hookworm comes in contact with skin, burrows into host, travels via bloodstream to lung, moves up respiratory tract, then swallowed
  • intestinal parasite
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28
Q

Characteristics of Enterobius

A
  • live in large intestines of humans
  • infestation: Nasty asshole one… Can’t forget it! Disgusting.
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29
Q

Phylum Arthropoda contains which Subphylums and which Classes?

A
  • Subphylum Trilobita
  • Subphylum Chelicerata
  • Class Merostomata
  • Class Arachnida
  • Subphylum Uniramia
  • Class Chilopda
  • Class Diploda
  • Class Insecta
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30
Q

Characteristics of Phylum Arthropoda

A
  • metamerism: segmented body
    • head, thorax, abdomen
    • sometimes cephalothorax
31
Q

Characteristics of Subphylum Trilobita

A
  • extinct
  • do not confuse with chiton
  • head, thorax, abdomen
  • all marine
32
Q

Characteristics of Subphylum Chelicerata

A
  • chelicerae: first pair of appendages for manipulating food
  • pedipalps: second pair of appendages for capturing prey
  • 4 pairs of walking legs
  • cephalothorax and abdomen​
  • Contains Class Merostomata and Class Arachnida
33
Q

Characteristics of Class Merostomata

A
  • aka horseshoe crab
  • simple eye: light and texture
  • compound eye: vision
34
Q

Characteristics of Class Arachnida

A
  • includes spiders, scorpions, ticks, mites
  • pedipalps - modified in males for transferring sperm
  • spinnerets
35
Q

Subphylum Chelicerata contains which Classes?

A
  • Class Merostomata
  • Class Arachnida
36
Q

Subphylum Uniramia contains which Classes?

A
  • Class Chilopoda
  • Class Diplopoda
  • Class Insecta
37
Q

Characteristics of Class Chilopoda

A
  • aka centipedes
  • 1 pair of legs/body segment
  • fangs to deliver poison
  • predators
  • found in moist places
38
Q

Characteristics of Class Diplopoda

A
  • aka millipedes
  • 2 pairs of legs/body segment
  • herbivores or scavengers
  • found in moist places
39
Q

Characteristics of Class Insecta

A
  • 3 pairs of walking legs on thorax, 1 pair antennae, 3 body segments, 1 or 2 pairs of wings
  • halteres: counterbalance for wings
  • beetles only - elytra: covering of membranous wing when not in use
  • 4 mouthparts:
    • chewing (ex. honeybee)
    • sponging/lapping (ex. fly)
    • siphoning (ex. butterfly)
    • sucking (ex. mosquito)
40
Q

Characteristics of Phylum Onychophora (velvet worms)

A
  • have characteristics of annelids and arthropods
    • “missing link” between the two phyla
  • looks like modern day onychophorans
41
Q

5 major characteristics of Phylum Chordata

A
  • 5 major characteristics:
  • notocord: rigid structure on posterior side
    • made of cartilage or bone
    • in us, intervertebral discs
  • dorsal hollow nerve cord: spinal cord
  • pharyngeal gill slit/pouch: used for filter feeding
    • in us, Eustachian tube is remnant pouch
  • post-anal tail: locomotion, counterbalance
  • endostyle: produces mucus for digestion
    • in us, thyroid gland
42
Q

Characteristics of Subphylum Cephalochordata

A
  • aka lancelet
  • ex. Amphioxus
    • found burrowed into sand and mud
    • filter-feeder
43
Q

Characteristics of Subphylum Urochordata

A
  • tunicates aka sea squirts
  • larval stage - notochord and dorsal hollow nerve cord present; free-swimming
  • adult stage - no notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, or post-anal tail; yes pharyngeal gill slits
44
Q

Subphylum Vertebrata contains which species?

A
  • Agnathans
  • Fish
  • Sharks
  • Tetrapods
45
Q

Characteristics of Superclass Agnatha - Jawless

A
  • jawless vertebrates
  • paired fins
  • notochord present
46
Q

Superclass Agnatha (jawless) contains which Classes?

A
  • Class Petromyzontida (Lampreys)
  • Class Myxini (Hagfishes)
47
Q

Characteristics of Class Petromyzontida (Lampreys)

A
  • eel-like, naked body
  • cartilaginous skeleton
  • possess medial nostril, medial fins, notochord persistent
  • scavengers or ectoparasites
48
Q

Characteristics of Class Myxini (Hagfishes)

A
  • eel-like, naked body
  • cartilaginous skeleton
  • tongue transformed into rasping organ
  • 5-15 gills in pouches
  • marine
  • slime glands: produces thick, mucus-like secretion to ward off predators and to clear away nasty stuff from dead things they want to eat
  • scavengers
49
Q

Superclass Gnathostomata (jaws) contains which Class?

A
  • Class Chondrichthyes
50
Q

Characteristics of Class Chondrichthyes

A
  • jawed fishes
    • jaws evolved from gill bars
  • cartilaginous skeletons
  • no swim bladder
  • ampullae of Lorenzini: special sensing organ, electroreceptors within jelly-filled canal
  • oviparous (egg laying), viviparous (birth live young, not eggs), ovoviviparous (birth live young from egg that hatched within body)
  • heterocercal: taller top lobe of tail vs bottom
51
Q

Characteristics of Subclass Elasmobranchii (Sharks and Rays)

A
  • placoid scales
  • heterocercal tail
  • 5-7 gill arches
  • lateral line system: detects movement and vibrations in surrounding
  • pelvic fins (males only)
  • intestine has spiral valve (slows digestion)
  • sharks maintain buoyancy with highly oily liver
  • rays have spiracles near gill chamber to keep gills oxygenated
  • claspers - male only
52
Q

Characteristics of Subclass Holocephali (Chimaeras and Ratfishes)

A
  • plate-like teeth
  • 4 pelvic claspers (males only)
53
Q

Characteristics of Class Actinistia (Coelacanth)

A
  • aka lobe-finned fish
  • cosmoid scales
  • live in deep ocean
  • once thought to be extinct but some found in S Africa and Indonesia
  • coelacanths (swim bladder filled with fat for buoyancy)
54
Q

Characteristics of Class Dipnoi* (Lungfishes)

A
  • bone ossified from cartilage
  • lungs or swim bladder - gas exchange and buoyancy
  • operculum: bony covering over gills, creates negative pressure to bring fresh water over gills
  • advanced fin placement (teleost) - more maneuverable
55
Q

Characteristics of Class Actinopterygii (Ray-finned Fishes)

A
  • usually ganoid, cycloid, or ctenoid scales
    • not cosmoid
    • or sometimes lacking scales
  • no spiral valve in intestines
  • lateral line
  • homocercal tail: upper and lower tails are same size
  • rete mirabile (marvelous capillary net): keeps brain cool, countercurrent heat exchange system
  • Posses Jaws with Teeth
  • Bony skeleton → Endochondral bone origin
  • pated fins and median fins
  • 4 paired gill arches covered by operculum
  • Intestine - simple, no spiral valve
  • Swim bladder (gas gland and Oval body)
  • Rete mirabile (marvelous capillary net)
56
Q

Characteristics of Class Amphibia

A
  • since moving from water to land, need strong structural support
  • some have lateral line
  • cutaneous gas exchange across skin
  • double circulation pattern
    • circulate to gills and rest of body
      • 3 chambered heart
57
Q

Characteristics of Subclass Lissamphibia

A
  • varied body forms
  • 3 chambered heart, double circ
  • respiration - gills (some lack), lungs, or combo
    • cutaneous respiration
  • heterothermic (poikilothermic): varied body temperature, depends on environment
  • returns to water to breed
  • metamorphosis
  • skin smooth & moist with glands (some toxic)
  • internal & external fertilization
  • Oviparous, viviparous
  • hibernation
58
Q

Class Lissamphibia contains which Orders?

A
  • Order Urodela (tails) (=Caudata)
  • Order ANura (no tailes)
  • Order Apoda (no limbs) (=Gymnophiona = Caecilia)
59
Q

Species of Order Urodela (tails) (=Caudata)

A
  • Salamanders
60
Q

Characteristics of Order Anura (no tails)

A
  • includes frogs and toads
  • tail absent, head and trunk continuous, no definite nec
61
Q

Characteristics of Order Apoda (no limbs) (=Gymnophiona =Caecilia)

A
  • aka caecilians
  • worm-like amphibian with burrowing habits
  • live in S America and tropics
  • vestigial eyes
62
Q

Characteristics of Reptiles

A
  • 1 sacral vertebra
  • soft shell eggs
63
Q

Characteristics of Class Testudinata (Chelonia)

A
  • aka turtles
  • carapace: upper shell
  • plastron: lower shell
  • thoracic vertebrae and ribs fused to shell
  • all oviparous
  • anapsid skull
64
Q

Characteristics of Class Crocodilia (21 species)

A
  • aka crocodiles
  • all oviparous
    • temperature of nest determines sexes
  • skull is highly fused
  • 4 chambered heart
  • crocs have pointed snouts vs alligators have rounded snouts
  • teeth always visible, even with closed jaw
65
Q

Characteristics of Class Lepidosaura (tuatara/lizard/snakes)

A
  • Skull
  • Order Rhynchocoephalia
  • Order Squamata
66
Q

Characteristics of Order Rhynchocoephalia

A
  • aka tuatara
  • found on in New Zealand
  • true diapsid skull
  • parietal eye with lens material
67
Q

Characteristics of Order Squamata

A
  • aka lizards and snakes
  • most have 4 legs, some are legless
  • diapsid skull
  • lizards only - eyelids
  • mostly oviparous, some ovoviviparous or viviparous
68
Q

Characteristics of Class Aves

A
  • aka birds
  • pygostyle: where feathers attach
  • homeothermic
  • “hollow” bone so they can fly
  • unique characteristics - feathers and wings
  • hard shell eggs
  • marine birds have salt glands
69
Q

Characteristics of Class Mammalia

A
  • unique characteristics - mammary glands and hair
  • homeothermic: constant body temperature
  • endothermic: produce own body heat
  • secondary palate
  • 4 chambered heart
  • integumentary system:
    • sweat (eccrine)
    • scent (apocrine)
    • oil (sebaceous)
  • internal fertilization
70
Q

Characteristics of Subclass Prototheria (Echidna, duck-billed platypuses)

A
  • egg laying mammals, oviparous
  • mammary glands without nipples
71
Q

Characteristics of Subclass Theria

A
  • viviparous
  • mammary glands with teats
  • cloaca usually absent
72
Q

Subclass Theria contains which Infraclasses

A
  • Infraclass Meatheria (Marsupials)
  • Infraclass Eutheria (Placentals)
73
Q

Characteristics of Infraclass Meatheria (Marsupials)

A
  • Marsupial pouch present
74
Q

Characteristics of Infraclass Eutheria (Placentals)

A
  • young retained in uterus for considerable amount of time
    • nourished by allantoic placenta
  • no pouch
  • no cloaca

Biology (3 decks)

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