Taxonomy, Physio Flashcards
1
Q
area of biologic science comprising of three distinct
disciplines
A
Taxonomy
2
Q
a Swedish botanist, laid down the basic
rules for taxonomic categories (binomial system).
A
Carl von Linne
3
Q
method of organizing microorganisms into groups
or taxa based on similar morphologic, physiologic, and genetic traits
A
Classification
4
Q
Composed of similar genera
A
Family
5
Q
Composed of various species with common
characteristics
A
Genus
6
Q
Basic group or the collection of bacterial
strains with common physiologic and genetic
features
A
Species
7
Q
Species which are subdivided
A
Subspecies
8
Q
having similar genetic
traits but different biochemical and physiological characteristics within
the same species
A
Biotype
9
Q
based on serological
(surface
antigens)
differences
within the same species
A
Serotype
10
Q
the proper word for the name of the species
A
Epithet
11
Q
Determine the genus, species, and family
Staphylococcus aureus
A
Staphylococcus (genus) aureus (species epithet) belongs to the
family Staphylococcaceae
12
Q
Determine the genus, species, and family
Streptococcus
pneumoniae
A
Streptococcaceae (family), Streptococcus (genus), Streptococcus
pneumoniae (species)
13
Q
Determine the genus, species, and family
Salmonella typhimurium serovar typhi
A
Enterobacteriaceae (family), Salmonella (genus), Salmonella
typhimurium (species), Salmonella typhimurium serovar typhi
(sub species)
14
Q
Naming of microorganisms according to established guidelines
provided by the
A
International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria or
the Bacteriological Code.
15
Q
How to write organisms with serovar/serotype
A
write ser. followed
by Capital first letter of serotype. (Salmonella enterica
subsp. enterica ser. Typhimurium)
16
Q
Organism in Canned food Bacillus
A
Clostridium botulinum
17
Q
Organism in Fried Rice Bacillus
A
Bacillus cereus
18
Q
Comma-shaped / curved bacillus
A
Vibrio spp.
19
Q
Anthrax bacillus
A
Bacillus anthracis
20
Q
Bang’s Bacillus
A
Brucella spp.
21
Q
Battey Bacillus
A
Mycobacterium intracellulare
22
Q
Bordet-Gengou Bacillus
A
Bordetella pertussis
23
Q
Colon bacillus
A
Escherichia coli
24
Q
Corroding bacillus
A
Eikenella corrodens
25
Foam-loving bacterium
Aggregibacter aphrophilus
26
Friedlander's bacillus
Klebsiella pneumonia
27
Gas gangrene bacillus
Clostridium perfringes
28
Hansen's bacillus
Mycobacterium leprae
29
hay bacillus
Bacillus subtilis
30
Hoffman bacillus
Corynebacterium pseudodiptheriticum
31
Kleb-Loeffler Bacillus
Corynebacterium diptheriae
32
Koch's bacillus
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
33
Koch-weeks bacillus
Haemophilus aegypticus
34
Morax-axenfeld bacillus
Moraxella lacunata
35
Pfeiffer's bacillus
Haemophilus influenza
36
Plague bacillus
Yersina pestis
37
Tackhead bacillus
Clostridium tetani
38
tap water bacillus
Mycobacterium gordonae
39
Whitmore bacillus/ vietnamese time bomb
Burkholderia pseudomallei
40
wood pigeon bacillus
Mycobacterium avium subsp. Silvaticum
41
Yellow bacillus
Mycobacterium kansasii
42
traits
that
may require
extensive analytical procedures
• colony, morphology, staining,
biochemical susceptibility tests
PHENOTYPIC CHARACTERISTICS
43
detection of a gene or a part
thereof, or an RNA product of
a specific organism
GENOTYPIC CHARACTERISTICS
44
Useful in routine phylogenetic studies of microorganisms such
as the understanding of morphology, physiology and metabolism,
ecology, and genetic analysis
CLASSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
45
Unicellular, without nucleus and other
organelles
Prokaryotic Cell
46
Multicellular, with nucleus and other organelles
Eukaryotic Cell
47
it has a Cell envelope and enzymes allow them to thrive under harsh
conditions
Archaea
48
A salt loving archaea
Halophiles
49
a heat loving Archaea
Thermophiles
50
a cold loving archaea
cryophiles
51
Composed of an outer membrane (Gram-negative
bacteria), cell wall, periplasm (Gram-negative
bacteria), and plasma membrane
Cell
Envelope
52
ringed molecules that are found in plasma membranes and help to regulate membrane fluidity, permeability, and rigidity
sterol
53
2 Prokaryotes that
do not have a cell wall contain sterols in their cell
membrane
: Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma
54
Used for cell movement and are found in
prokaryotes as well as some eukaryotes
Flagellum
55
Gel-like substance composed mainly of water that
also contains enzymes, salts, cell components, and
various organic molecules.
Cytoplasm
56
Found in some bacterial cells, this additional outer
covering protects the cell when it is engulfed by
other organisms, assists in retaining moisture, and
helps the cell adhere to surfaces and nutrients
Capsule
57
Extra chromosomal DNA and can transfer genetic material
Plasmid
58
Hair-like structures on the surface of the cell that
attach to other bacterial cells
Pili
59
Shorter pili that help bacteria attach to surfaces
Fimbriae
60
Cell wall with thick peptidoglycan layer (murein layer) and negatively charged teichoic acid. It also has lipoteichoic acid
Gram-positive cell wal
61
cell wall that is more susceptible to antibiotics
Gram-positive cell wall
Because the thicker the peptidoglycan layer, the more it is susceptible to antibiotics.
62
Composed of proteins, phospholipids, and
lipopolysaccharides (LPS)
Thick Outer Membrane of Gram-negative cell wall
63
Compostition of the thicker outer membrane that causes disease and consist of Lipid A
Because Lipid A has endotoxin which can affect many human organ systems and disrupt humoral and cellular host mediation systems
64
Sedimentation rate during centrifugation (Theodor
Svedberg)
Svedberg unit
65
* site of protein synthesis
* 70S divided into 50S and 30S
Bacterial ribosomes
66
* Enables the bacteria to evade host immune system
* make bacteria pathogenic
Capsule (Vf)
VF - Virulence Factor
Contributes to the pathogenicity of the organisms.
67
Without flagellum
Atrichous
68
Single flagellum on one end
Monotrichous
69
Single flagellum on both ends
Ampitrichous
70
Tuff/ group of flagella on one ends.
Lopotrichous
71
Spread everywhere
Peritrichous
72
group of flagella on both ends
cephalotrichous
73
Enables the bacteria to thrive under harsh environment
▪ Protected by desiccation
Endospores
74
2 Endospores bacteria
Bacillus and Clostridium
75
Stain used for endospores
schaeffer-fulton stain malachite green
76
Round/Spherical bacteria
Coccus (Cocci)
Staphylococcus,
Streptococcus, Gonococcus
77
Rod-shaped,
Club Shaped,
Comma-shaped,
Filamentous
Bacillus (Bacilli)
Escherichia coli, Shigella,
Vibrio, Mycobacterium
78
Spiral or Coiled
Spirillum (Spirilli, Spirochetes)
Treponema (Fine regular
coils)
Leptospira (Very fine
regular coils with a hook
on one or both ends)
79
Example of Single or in pairs cocci
Pneumococcus, Gonococcus,
Meningococcus
80
Example of Sarcinate cocci
Sarcinna lute
81
Example of Clusters cocci
Staphylococcus
82
Example of Chains cocci
Streptococcus
83
Example of tetrad cocci
Geffyka tetragena
84
Example of Single or in pairs bacilli
Klebsiella pneumoniae
85
Example of Chains bacilli
Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus anthracis
86
Example of group bacilli
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
87
Example of L,V Chinese Character Arrangement bacilli
Corynebacterium diphtheria
88
Gram positive bacteria color
Purple
89
Gram negative bacteria color
Red
90
Positive Acid Fast stain color
Red
91
Negative Acid Fast stain color
Blue
92
GRAM STAINING METHOD using VIAS
1. Crystal violet
(Primary stain, 1 minute, for gram positive)
2. Iodine
(Mordant or fixative, 1 minute, increase adhesive of the dye)
3. Alcohol or Alcohol-acetone solution
(Decolorizer, on and quick rinse, washes away the stain)
4. Safranin Red (Secondary Stain, 30 seconds, stain for gram Negative)
93
When Bacteria retain
the primary crystal violet stain during the decolorizing
treatment and appear purple.
Gram Positive
94
When the decolorizer is applied to bacteria and the crystal violet washes out
of the cells, which then take up the red counterstain bacteria appear red under a light microscope
Gram Negative
95
Used to stain bacteria that have a high lipid (mycolic acid) and wax content in their cell walls
ACID FAST STAIN
96
makes the bacterial cell resistant to acid-alcohol decolorization and hence the bacteria retain the primary stain
Mycolic acid
97
HOT ACID FAST STAIN
Ziehl-Neelsen method
98
COLD ACID FAST STAIN
Modified Kinyoun Method
99
partially acid fast bacteria
Nocardia and Rhodococcus
100
Acid fast positive
Red
101
Acid Fast Negative
Blue
102
Secondary or counterstain in acid fast
Methylene Blue
103
Primary stain in acid fast
Carbol fuchsin
104
Decolorizer in acid fast staining
Acidified Alcohol
105
Acid Fast Stain Method
▪ Carbol fuchsin (red dye, Primary stain)
▪ Acidified alcohol (Decolorizer)
▪ Methylene Blue (Secondary/ counterstain)
106
▪ Used to stain C. diphtheriae for observation of metachromatic granules.
▪ Used as a simple stain to detect white blood cells, such as in stool samples.
METHYLENE BLUE
107
Negative stains used to visualize capsules surrounding certain yeasts. (Cryptococcus spp.)
INDIA INK AND NIGROSIN
108
What are gram POSITIVE bacteria?
ALL COCCI
except
NVM (Neisseria, Veilonella, Moraxella)
109
What are gram NEGATIVE bacteria?
ALL BACILLI
except
BLECMLPE
(Bacillus, Listeria, Erysipelothrix, Corynebacterium, Mycobacteria, Lactobacillus, Priopionibacterium, and Eubacterium)
110
▪ Used to screen specimens for acid-fast bacteria.
▪ Selective for the cell wall of acid-fast bacteria.
▪ Acid-fast bacteria appear yellow or orange.
▪ Non-acid fast bacteria are unstained
AURAMINE-RHODAMINE
111
▪ Stains both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, living or
dead.
▪ Used to locate bacteria in blood cultures and other specimens
where discerning bacteria might otherwise be difficult.
▪ Binds to nucleic acid of the cell and appears as bright orange
ACRIDINE ORANGE
112
▪ Binds to chitin in fungal cell walls.
▪ Appears as bright apple green or blue-white
▪ Allows visualization of fungal structures with a fluorescent
microscope.
CALCOFLUOR WHITE
113
Used to stain the cell walls of medically important fungi grown in
slide culture.
LACTOPHENOL BLUE
