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Clinical Microbiology > Taxonomy, Physio > Flashcards

Taxonomy, Physio Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

area of biologic science comprising of three distinct
disciplines

A

Taxonomy

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2
Q

a Swedish botanist, laid down the basic
rules for taxonomic categories (binomial system).

A

Carl von Linne

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3
Q

method of organizing microorganisms into groups
or taxa based on similar morphologic, physiologic, and genetic traits

A

Classification

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4
Q

Composed of similar genera

A

Family

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5
Q

Composed of various species with common
characteristics

A

Genus

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6
Q

Basic group or the collection of bacterial
strains with common physiologic and genetic
features

A

Species

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7
Q

Species which are subdivided

A

Subspecies

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8
Q

having similar genetic
traits but different biochemical and physiological characteristics within
the same species

A

Biotype

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9
Q

based on serological
(surface
antigens)
differences
within the same species

A

Serotype

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10
Q

the proper word for the name of the species

A

Epithet

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11
Q

Determine the genus, species, and family

Staphylococcus aureus

A

Staphylococcus (genus) aureus (species epithet) belongs to the
family Staphylococcaceae

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12
Q

Determine the genus, species, and family

Streptococcus
pneumoniae

A

Streptococcaceae (family), Streptococcus (genus), Streptococcus
pneumoniae (species)

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13
Q

Determine the genus, species, and family

Salmonella typhimurium serovar typhi

A

Enterobacteriaceae (family), Salmonella (genus), Salmonella
typhimurium (species), Salmonella typhimurium serovar typhi
(sub species)

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14
Q

Naming of microorganisms according to established guidelines
provided by the

A

International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria or
the Bacteriological Code.

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15
Q

How to write organisms with serovar/serotype

A

write ser. followed
by Capital first letter of serotype. (Salmonella enterica
subsp. enterica ser. Typhimurium)

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16
Q

Organism in Canned food Bacillus

A

Clostridium botulinum

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17
Q

Organism in Fried Rice Bacillus

A

Bacillus cereus

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18
Q

Comma-shaped / curved bacillus

A

Vibrio spp.

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19
Q

Anthrax bacillus

A

Bacillus anthracis

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20
Q

Bang’s Bacillus

A

Brucella spp.

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21
Q

Battey Bacillus

A

Mycobacterium intracellulare

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22
Q

Bordet-Gengou Bacillus

A

Bordetella pertussis

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23
Q

Colon bacillus

A

Escherichia coli

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24
Q

Corroding bacillus

A

Eikenella corrodens

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25
Q

Foam-loving bacterium

A

Aggregibacter aphrophilus

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26
Q

Friedlander’s bacillus

A

Klebsiella pneumonia

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27
Q

Gas gangrene bacillus

A

Clostridium perfringes

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28
Q

Hansen’s bacillus

A

Mycobacterium leprae

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29
Q

hay bacillus

A

Bacillus subtilis

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30
Q

Hoffman bacillus

A

Corynebacterium pseudodiptheriticum

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31
Q

Kleb-Loeffler Bacillus

A

Corynebacterium diptheriae

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32
Q

Koch’s bacillus

A

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

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33
Q

Koch-weeks bacillus

A

Haemophilus aegypticus

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34
Q

Morax-axenfeld bacillus

A

Moraxella lacunata

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35
Q

Pfeiffer’s bacillus

A

Haemophilus influenza

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36
Q

Plague bacillus

A

Yersina pestis

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37
Q

Tackhead bacillus

A

Clostridium tetani

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38
Q

tap water bacillus

A

Mycobacterium gordonae

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39
Q

Whitmore bacillus/ vietnamese time bomb

A

Burkholderia pseudomallei

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40
Q

wood pigeon bacillus

A

Mycobacterium avium subsp. Silvaticum

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41
Q

Yellow bacillus

A

Mycobacterium kansasii

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42
Q

traits
that
may require
extensive analytical procedures
• colony, morphology, staining,
biochemical susceptibility tests

A

PHENOTYPIC CHARACTERISTICS

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43
Q

detection of a gene or a part
thereof, or an RNA product of
a specific organism

A

GENOTYPIC CHARACTERISTICS

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44
Q

Useful in routine phylogenetic studies of microorganisms such
as the understanding of morphology, physiology and metabolism,
ecology, and genetic analysis

A

CLASSICAL CHARACTERISTICS

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45
Q

Unicellular, without nucleus and other
organelles

A

Prokaryotic Cell

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46
Q

Multicellular, with nucleus and other organelles

A

Eukaryotic Cell

47
Q

it has a Cell envelope and enzymes allow them to thrive under harsh
conditions

A

Archaea

48
Q

A salt loving archaea

A

Halophiles

49
Q

a heat loving Archaea

A

Thermophiles

50
Q

a cold loving archaea

A

cryophiles

51
Q

Composed of an outer membrane (Gram-negative
bacteria), cell wall, periplasm (Gram-negative
bacteria), and plasma membrane

A

Cell
Envelope

52
Q

ringed molecules that are found in plasma membranes and help to regulate membrane fluidity, permeability, and rigidity

A

sterol

53
Q

2 Prokaryotes that
do not have a cell wall contain sterols in their cell
membrane

A

: Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma

54
Q

Used for cell movement and are found in
prokaryotes as well as some eukaryotes

A

Flagellum

55
Q

Gel-like substance composed mainly of water that
also contains enzymes, salts, cell components, and
various organic molecules.

A

Cytoplasm

56
Q

Found in some bacterial cells, this additional outer
covering protects the cell when it is engulfed by
other organisms, assists in retaining moisture, and
helps the cell adhere to surfaces and nutrients

A

Capsule

57
Q

Extra chromosomal DNA and can transfer genetic material

A

Plasmid

58
Q

Hair-like structures on the surface of the cell that
attach to other bacterial cells

A

Pili

59
Q

Shorter pili that help bacteria attach to surfaces

A

Fimbriae

60
Q

Cell wall with thick peptidoglycan layer (murein layer) and negatively charged teichoic acid. It also has lipoteichoic acid

A

Gram-positive cell wal

61
Q

cell wall that is more susceptible to antibiotics

A

Gram-positive cell wall

Because the thicker the peptidoglycan layer, the more it is susceptible to antibiotics.

62
Q

Composed of proteins, phospholipids, and
lipopolysaccharides (LPS)

A

Thick Outer Membrane of Gram-negative cell wall

63
Q

Compostition of the thicker outer membrane that causes disease and consist of Lipid A

A

Because Lipid A has endotoxin which can affect many human organ systems and disrupt humoral and cellular host mediation systems

64
Q

Sedimentation rate during centrifugation (Theodor
Svedberg)

A

Svedberg unit

65
Q
  • site of protein synthesis
  • 70S divided into 50S and 30S
A

Bacterial ribosomes

66
Q
  • Enables the bacteria to evade host immune system
  • make bacteria pathogenic
A

Capsule (Vf)

VF - Virulence Factor
Contributes to the pathogenicity of the organisms.

67
Q

Without flagellum

A

Atrichous

68
Q

Single flagellum on one end

A

Monotrichous

69
Q

Single flagellum on both ends

A

Ampitrichous

70
Q

Tuff/ group of flagella on one ends.

A

Lopotrichous

71
Q

Spread everywhere

A

Peritrichous

72
Q

group of flagella on both ends

A

cephalotrichous

73
Q

Enables the bacteria to thrive under harsh environment
▪ Protected by desiccation

A

Endospores

74
Q

2 Endospores bacteria

A

Bacillus and Clostridium

75
Q

Stain used for endospores

A

schaeffer-fulton stain malachite green

76
Q

Round/Spherical bacteria

A

Coccus (Cocci)

Staphylococcus,
Streptococcus, Gonococcus

77
Q

Rod-shaped,
Club Shaped,
Comma-shaped,
Filamentous

A

Bacillus (Bacilli)

Escherichia coli, Shigella,
Vibrio, Mycobacterium

78
Q

Spiral or Coiled

A

Spirillum (Spirilli, Spirochetes)

Treponema (Fine regular
coils)

Leptospira (Very fine
regular coils with a hook
on one or both ends)

79
Q

Example of Single or in pairs cocci

A

Pneumococcus, Gonococcus,
Meningococcus

80
Q

Example of Sarcinate cocci

A

Sarcinna lute

81
Q

Example of Clusters cocci

A

Staphylococcus

82
Q

Example of Chains cocci

A

Streptococcus

83
Q

Example of tetrad cocci

A

Geffyka tetragena

84
Q

Example of Single or in pairs bacilli

A

Klebsiella pneumoniae

85
Q

Example of Chains bacilli

A

Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus anthracis

86
Q

Example of group bacilli

A

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

87
Q

Example of L,V Chinese Character Arrangement bacilli

A

Corynebacterium diphtheria

88
Q

Gram positive bacteria color

A

Purple

89
Q

Gram negative bacteria color

A

Red

90
Q

Positive Acid Fast stain color

A

Red

91
Q

Negative Acid Fast stain color

A

Blue

92
Q

GRAM STAINING METHOD using VIAS

A
  1. Crystal violet
    (Primary stain, 1 minute, for gram positive)
  2. Iodine
    (Mordant or fixative, 1 minute, increase adhesive of the dye)
  3. Alcohol or Alcohol-acetone solution
    (Decolorizer, on and quick rinse, washes away the stain)
  4. Safranin Red (Secondary Stain, 30 seconds, stain for gram Negative)
93
Q

When Bacteria retain
the primary crystal violet stain during the decolorizing
treatment and appear purple.

A

Gram Positive

94
Q

When the decolorizer is applied to bacteria and the crystal violet washes out
of the cells, which then take up the red counterstain bacteria appear red under a light microscope

A

Gram Negative

95
Q

Used to stain bacteria that have a high lipid (mycolic acid) and wax content in their cell walls

A

ACID FAST STAIN

96
Q

makes the bacterial cell resistant to acid-alcohol decolorization and hence the bacteria retain the primary stain

A

Mycolic acid

97
Q

HOT ACID FAST STAIN

A

Ziehl-Neelsen method

98
Q

COLD ACID FAST STAIN

A

Modified Kinyoun Method

99
Q

partially acid fast bacteria

A

Nocardia and Rhodococcus

100
Q

Acid fast positive

A

Red

101
Q

Acid Fast Negative

A

Blue

102
Q

Secondary or counterstain in acid fast

A

Methylene Blue

103
Q

Primary stain in acid fast

A

Carbol fuchsin

104
Q

Decolorizer in acid fast staining

A

Acidified Alcohol

105
Q

Acid Fast Stain Method

A

▪ Carbol fuchsin (red dye, Primary stain)

▪ Acidified alcohol (Decolorizer)

▪ Methylene Blue (Secondary/ counterstain)

106
Q

▪ Used to stain C. diphtheriae for observation of metachromatic granules.

▪ Used as a simple stain to detect white blood cells, such as in stool samples.

A

METHYLENE BLUE

107
Q

Negative stains used to visualize capsules surrounding certain yeasts. (Cryptococcus spp.)

A

INDIA INK AND NIGROSIN

108
Q

What are gram POSITIVE bacteria?

A

ALL COCCI

except

NVM (Neisseria, Veilonella, Moraxella)

109
Q

What are gram NEGATIVE bacteria?

A

ALL BACILLI

except

BLECMLPE
(Bacillus, Listeria, Erysipelothrix, Corynebacterium, Mycobacteria, Lactobacillus, Priopionibacterium, and Eubacterium)

110
Q

▪ Used to screen specimens for acid-fast bacteria.
▪ Selective for the cell wall of acid-fast bacteria.
▪ Acid-fast bacteria appear yellow or orange.
▪ Non-acid fast bacteria are unstained

A

AURAMINE-RHODAMINE

111
Q

▪ Stains both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, living or
dead.
▪ Used to locate bacteria in blood cultures and other specimens
where discerning bacteria might otherwise be difficult.
▪ Binds to nucleic acid of the cell and appears as bright orange

A

ACRIDINE ORANGE

112
Q

▪ Binds to chitin in fungal cell walls.
▪ Appears as bright apple green or blue-white
▪ Allows visualization of fungal structures with a fluorescent
microscope.

A

CALCOFLUOR WHITE

113
Q

Used to stain the cell walls of medically important fungi grown in
slide culture.

A

LACTOPHENOL BLUE

Clinical Microbiology (3 decks)

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