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Clinical Microbiology > Metabolism, Genetics, Growth, Nutrition > Flashcards

Metabolism, Genetics, Growth, Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

Transmission of genetic information. It acts as a medium for long-term storage. Capable of replication

Contains nitrogenous bases
cytosine, guanine, adenine,
thymine

A

DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid)

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2
Q

Transmission of the genetic code that is necessary for
protein creation from the nucleus to the ribosome. Incapable of replication

Contains nitrogenous bases
cytosine, guanine, adenine,
uracil

A

RNA (Ribonucleic acid)

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3
Q

duplication of chormosomal DNA into daughter cell

A

Replication

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4
Q

Converts DNA into RNA

A

Transcription

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5
Q

Converts mRNA into a specific functional protein

A

Translation

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6
Q

Triplet base of tRNA that identifies the placement of amino acid

A

Anti Codon

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7
Q

Result of alteration of the original nucleotide sequence during transcription-translation process

A

Mutation

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8
Q

mobile elements that often carry drug resistant genes

A

Transposons

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9
Q

one of the result of mutation

A

antimicrobial resistance (AMR)

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10
Q

transfer or exchange between two homologous regions of DNA

A

Genetic Recombination

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11
Q

Allows cutting of incoming foreign DNA

A

Restriction Enzyme

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12
Q

WHAT IS THE MECHANISMS OF GENE TRANSFER

A

o Transformation
o Transduction
o Conjugation

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13
Q

Involve uptake of free/naked DNA.

  • When a bacterial cell (donor) dies, the recipient uptakes the free DNA. Needs plasmid
A

TRANSFORMATION / DNA CLONING

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14
Q

4 NATURALLY COMPETENT BACTERIA

A
  • Streptococcus pneumoniae
  • Neisseria gonorrhoeae
  • Haemophilus influenzae
  • Escherichia coli
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15
Q

most commonly used for cloning, because it has
its own bacterial mechanism to process free/naked DNA which is
why it is resistant to multiple types of drugs.

A

Escherichia coli

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16
Q

Utilize Bacteriophage

A

TRANSDUCTION

17
Q

A virus that infects bacteria

A

Bacteriophage

18
Q

Used sex Pili
Requires cell-to-cell contact
E.coli F. factor (both plasmid and X genes)

A

CONJUGATION

19
Q

3 major nutritional needs for growth of bacteria

A

50% carbon (cellular constituents)

14% Nitrogen (protein and nucleic acid)

ATP (PO4-, SO4-)

20
Q

Nutritional requirement for gowth of bacteria that utilize Co2

A

Autotrophs/Litotrophs

Phototrophs - photosynthesis

Chemolithotrophs - oxidation

21
Q

Nutritional requirement for gowth of bacteria that utilize glucose (OF pathway)

A

Heterotrophs

22
Q

Oxygen & CO2 req for Aerobes

A

15-21% Oxygen
1% CO2

23
Q

Enyme needed for anaerobes bacteria

A

Superoxide dismutase and catalase

24
Q
  1. Does not require oxygen
  2. May or may not require oxygen
  3. Exposure leads to absence of metabolic activity
A
  1. Obligate
  2. Facultative
  3. Aerotolerant
25
Q

oxygen requirement for Microaerophile

A

2-10% oxygen

26
Q

Example of aerobe bacteria

A

BBMP

Bordetella
Brucella
Mycobacteria
Pseudomonas

27
Q

Example of anaerobe bacteria

A

Obligate
- Clostridium
- Bacteroides

Facultative
- Enterobacteriaceae

Aerotolerant
- Lactobacillus
- Cutibacterium

28
Q

Example of Microaerophile bacteria

A

Campylobacter
Helicobacter
Treponema

29
Q

CO2 requirement for aerobic and faculltative aerobic

30
Q

CO2 requirement for Capnophiles

31
Q

Example of Capnophilic bacteria

A

H. influenzae
N. gonorrhoeae
S. pneumoniae

32
Q

Temprature requirement for each bacteria

Psycrophiles / Cryophiles (cold-loving)

Mesophiles (mod-temp)

Thermophiles (heat loving)

Extremophiles

A

Psycrophiles / Cryophiles - 0 to -20 degree celcius
(Listeria monocytogenes, Yersinia enterocolitica)

Mesophiles - 20 to 45 degree celcius
(most common in lab)

Thermophiles - 50 to 60 degree celcius
(Geobacillus stearothermophilus, Thermus aquaticus, Sulfolobus, Pyrococcus, and Pyrodictium)

Extremophiles - below earth surface
(Bacillus infernus; strict anaerobe)

33
Q

PH requirement for each bacteria

Acidophile

Neutrophile

Alkalopile

A

Acidophile (5.5) - Picrophilus , Sulfolobus

Neutrophile (5.5 - 8.0) - most significant bacteria

Alkalopile (8.5 - 11.5) - Bacillus alcalophilus, Natronobacterium

34
Q

What do they require and its example

Halophiles

Barophiles

Fastidious

A

Halophiles - salt (Staphylococcus aureus and Listeria monocytogenes)

Barophiles - pressure (Photobacterium, Shewanella, and Colwellia)

Fastidious - gorwth factor (haemophilus influenzae)

35
Q

insulated and enclosed device that provides an optimal condition of temp and humidity for growth of organisms

A

Bacterial incubators

(Gaspak Jar and Incubator)

36
Q

What is the bacterial growth curve?

A

LaLoStD

LAG phase
- no cell division and increase in cell mass, the adjustment phase

LOG phase
- biochem testing, Antimicrobial susceptibility testing, logarithmic cell division

Stationary Phase
- sporulation and antibiotic synthesis, growth cessation, slow metabolic activity

Death Phase
- toxic waste generation, the cell dies

Clinical Microbiology (3 decks)

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