Taxonomy of eukaryotes Flashcards
What is the sequencing of gene used in phylogeny of eukarya?
18S rRNA
But Phylogeny constructed to also take in account other genes–> new insights because of this
What are cysts?
Similar to endospores produced by prokaryotes. Used to protect the cell against deleterious environmental conditions (to survive long periods of starvation/desication and also infection of prokaryotes)
What are 2 orgnelles found in amitochondriate eukaryotes, and what are they involved in?
Mitosomes –> involved in maturation of iron sulfur closters
Hydrogenosomes–> Participate in oxidation of pyruvate to H2, CO2 and acetate.
What is a Hydrogenosome?
Present in amitochondriates. Present in eukaryotes with STRICTLY FERMENTATIVE METABOLISM. Sometimes endosymbiotic bacteria are present (…)
What is a Mitosome?
Present in amitochondriates. Derived from mitochondrion. HAS NO ENZYMES FOR TCA CYCLE/ NO RESP. CHAIN.
What are common characteristics of Diplomads and Parabasalids?
- Unicellular
- Flagellated
- No chloroplasts
- Live in ANOXIC habitats
Name 2 characteristics of diplomads
- Unicellular
- Flagellated
- No chloroplasts
- Live in ANOXIC habitats
- 2 NUCLEI
- MITOSOMES
- Key genera: GIARDA (causes giardasis)
Name 3 characteristics of parabasalids
- Have parabasal bodies (structure to support golgi complex)
- AMITOCHONDRIATE
- HYDROGENOSOMES for ANAEROBIC metabolism
- Live in intestinal or urogenital tracts of animas as parasites or symbionts
- Key genera: Trichomonas vaginalis (STD in humans, doesn’t form cysts , doesn’t survive outside the host)
2 common characteristics of euglenozoans?
UNICELLULAR and FLAGELLATED
What are the subgroups of euglenozoans?
Kinetoplastids and Euglenids
Characteristics of kinetoplasts?
- Mass of DNA present in their SINGLE, LARGE MITOCHONDRION
- Live in AQUATIC environment.
- Feeding on bacteria
- Some species cause serious disease in humans
- TRYPANOSOMA BRUCEI : african sleeping sickness= chronic, fatal infection.
Characteristics of Euglenids?
- EUGLENA = specie
- NON PATHOGENIC
- PHOTOTROPHIC
- CONTAINS CHLOROPLASTS
- can exist as HETEROTROPH (will loose chloroplast if incubate in dark for long time)
- feed on bacteria by PHAGOCYTOSIS
Common characteristics of alveolates?
- Presence of ALVEOLI ( sac underneath cytoplasmic membrane)
- Alveoli may fct to help cells maintain osmotic balance
Subgroups of alveolate family?
Ciliates
Dynoflagellates
Apicomplexans
Characteristics of ciliates?
- Have cilia (for food and motility)
- Most wildey dstributed genera: PARAMELIUM
- Have 2 NUCLEI (macro and micro)
- During SEXUAL REPROD: exchange of MICRONUCLEI
- Some ciliates= animal parasites or symbionts (in rumens)
Characteristics of dynoflagellates?
- Marine, freshwater
- PHOTOTROPHIC
- Have 2 FLAGELLAS (transversal or longitudinal)
- May be TOXIC ( produce neurotoxins, warm and polluted water= dyno. can reach high amount, can cause human poisening = paralitic shellfish poisening)
Characteristics of apicomplexans?
- OBLIGATE PARASITES of animals
- COMPLEX LIFECYCLE : Sporozoïte, Gametocyte, other…
- Has APICOPLASTS ( degenerate chloroplasts that lack pigment and phototrophic capacity)
- Cause severe diseases: M
Common characteristics of strametopiles?
- All FLAGELLATES
- Are chemoheteroptrophs or phototrophes
Subgroups of Stramenopiles?
Oomycetes
Golden Algea
Diatoms
Characteristics of Oomycetes?
- CHEMOHETEROTROPHS
- Water molds
- Cell wall made of CELLULOSE
- PHYTOPHTORA INFESTANS = late bright disease in potatoes–> irish potato famine
Characteristics of Diatoms?
- UNICELLULAR
- PHOTOTROPHIC
- Freshwater or marine
- FRUSTULES: cell walls made of silica with prots and polysaccharides–> protects against predation
Characteristics of Golden Algae?
- PHOTOTROPHIC
- Also called chrysophytes
- Mostly UNICELLULAR , some COLONIAL
- CHLOROPLAST pigment dominated by CAROTENOID FUCOXANTHIN
Common characteristic of Cercozoans and Radiolans?
Threadlike pseudopodia
Exemple of Cercozoan?
Foraminifera
Characteristics of Cercozoan?
- Marine
- Shell like structure
- TESTS MADE OF ORGANIC MATERIAL
Characteristics of Radiolans?
Mostly marine
- HETEROPTROPHS
- TESTS MADE OF SILICA
- Radial symmetry of tests
Giardia lambia is…?
- A diplomad
- Has 2 nuclei and mitosomes
Trichomonas vaginalis is…?
- A parabasalid
- parabasal body, hydrogenosome
Trypanosoma brucei is …?
Kinetoplastid
Euglena is…?
Euglenid
Paramecium is…?
Ciliate–> alveolate
Plasmodium is….?
Apicomplexan
Entamoeba hystolitica is…?
entamoeba…
Physarum is…?
Plasmodial slime mold
Dictyostelium discoideum is…?
Cellular slime mold
Exemple of diplomad?
Giardia lambia
Exemple of kinetoplastid?
Trypanosoma brucei
Exemple of parabasalid?
Trichomonas vaginalis
Exemple of ciliate
Paramecium
Exemple of Apicomplexan?
Plasmodium
Exemple of plasmodial slime mold?
Physarum
Exemple of Cellular slime mold?
Dictyostelium discoideum
What protists are algae?
dynoflagellates, Euglenids, Diatoms, brown and golden algae.
Red algae characteristics…
- Aslo called rhodophytes
- Multicellular mostly
- PHYCOERYTHRIN as pigment (grether dept= more pigment)
- ## Some are unicellular= Galdieria (acidic hot spring)
Green Algae
- Also called Chlorophytes
- Mostly freshwater
- Usually flagellated
- Uni or multicellular
- Sexual or asexual
- Endolithic algae grow inside porous rocks
