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BIO1021 Zoology > Taxonomy And Cladistics > Flashcards

Taxonomy And Cladistics Flashcards

1
Q

What is taxonomy?

A

The science of classification

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2
Q

What is cladistics?

A

A way of categorising organisms into clades

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3
Q

What is a taxon?

A

A group of related organisms

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4
Q

What is a clade?

A

A grouping which unites all taxa descended from a common ancestor

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5
Q

What is a species?

A

Two organisms belong to the same species if they can breed and produce viable offspring.

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6
Q

What is a morphospecies?

A

Classical species concept where two organisms belong to the same species if they conform to a fixed type (look the same).

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7
Q

Biological species concept ( Mayr 1942)

A

Groups of actually or potentially interbreeding natural populations which are reproductively isolated from other such groups.

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8
Q

Phylogenetic species concept

A

An irreducible group whose members are descended from a common ancestors and who all possess a combination of derived traits.

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9
Q

Plesiomorphy

A

Ancestral/ basal trait shared by two or more taxa.

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10
Q

Apomorphy

A

Derived trait unique to a taxon.

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11
Q

Agamospecies

A

Asexual species

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12
Q

Biospecies

A

Reproductively isolated sexual species

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13
Q

Ecospecies

A

Ecological niche occupiers

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14
Q

Evolutionary species

A

Evolving lineages

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15
Q

Genetic species

A

Common gene pool

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16
Q

Taxonomic species

A

Defined by a taxonomist

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17
Q

Taxonomic Hierarchy of Ranks

A 
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
18
Q

Phylogeny

A

The evolutionary relationships between taxa.

19
Q

What can phylogenies be based on?

A

Morphological characteristics and genetic characteristics.

20
Q

Why is reptilia not a clade?

A

Reptiles are non-avian non-mammalian amniotes as it contains everything but mammals and birds due to the furthest common ancestor. Thus is a paraphyletic group instead.

21
Q

Paraphyletic group

A

A group that consists of an ancestor and some but not all of its descendants.

22
Q

Polyphyletic group

A

A group that consists of of multiple distantly related organisms and does not contain the common ancestor if the group.

23
Q

Why isn’t amphibia a correct term to use?

A

Would also include mammals, reptiles and birds which are in the same clade. Use lissamphibia instead.

24
Q

What is embryology?

A

The study of the prenatal development of gametes, fertilisation and development of embryos and fetuses.

25
Q

Recapitulation theory (Haeckel 1870)

A

A historical theory that embryo development mirrors successive stages of evolution.

26
Q

Why is Haekel’s recapitulation theory defunct?

A

He over represented the biological significance of features in his embryo diagrams.

27
Q

Evo-devo

A

Changes in the timing and positioning of embryonic development affects the change of the shape of a descendent’s body compared to its ancestor.

28
Q

What are the stages of cell cleavage?

A

Fertilised egg or oocyte
Morsula
Blastula
Gastrula

29
Q

Describe morulation

A

A solid ball of cells is formed called a morula and cell cleavage occurs.

30
Q

Describe blastulation

A

A hollow ball of cells around a blastocoel. This is called a blastula.

31
Q

Describe gastrulation

A

A multi-layered ball of cells called a gastrula forms. Then the germ cell layers form. Then the mesoderm and the coelom form and the fate of the blastopore is determined.

32
Q

Mesoderm

A

The middle of the three embryonic germ layers first delineated during gastrulation. Gives rise to the skeleton, circulatory system, muscles, excretory system and most of the reproductive system.

33
Q

Coelom

A

The principal body cavity in most animals, located between the intestinal canal and the body wall.

34
Q

What is radial cleavage?

A

Embryonic development in which the planes of cell division are parallel and perpendicular to the animal-vegetal axis of the embryo.

35
Q

Animal-vegetal axis

A

The placement of the nucleus in the oocyte. The embryo is divided into two hemispheres; the animal pole and the vegetal pole within a blastula.

36
Q

The animal pole

A

Small cells that divide rapidly and is heavily pigmented.

37
Q

The vegetal pole

A

Large yolky cells that divide slowly and is unpigmented.

38
Q

What is spiral cleavage?

A

A form of complete cleavage in which the cleavage planes are at oblique angles to the animal-vegetal axis.

39
Q

What does the blastopore become?

A

The mouth, the anus, or both.

40
Q

Describe ‘‘coelenterates’’ in terms of embryogenesis

A

Have diploblastic germ layers
No cell cleavage
No coelom (acoelmate)
Blastopore is mouth and anus

41
Q

Describe protosomes in terms of embryogenesis

A

Have triploblastic germ layers
Spiral cell cleavage
Coelom formed by splitting mesodermal embryonic tissue (schizocoelomate)
Blastopore becomes mouth

42
Q

Describe deuterostomes in terms of embryogenesis

A

Have triploblastic germ layers
Radial cell cleavage
Coelom formed from outpocketing of the endoderm (enterocoelom)
Blastopore becomes the anus

BIO1021 Zoology (4 decks)

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